Prevalence and risk factors of human polyomavirus infections in non-malignant tonsils and gargles: the SPLIT study

Kourieh, Aboud; Combes, Jean‐Damien; Tommasino, Massimo; Dalstein, Véronique; Clifford, Gary M.; Guily, Jean Lacau St; Franceschi, Silvia; Gheit, Tarik

doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001156

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Lower MCPyV prevalence and lower percentage of infected cells were found in the throat/oral samples compared to anal swabs. The MCPyV prevalence is in line with what we found in a previous study focused on tonsil specimens [36] and with a recently published study [37] that showed that the oral cavity may represent a latent site of the virus, rather than a site of active replication.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Is Associated with Anal Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men

et al. 2019

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Background: Viral infections of the anal/rectal tract of men who have sex with men (MSM) have been poorly studied. Methods: In total, 158 swab samples (81 anal/rectal, 65 throat/oral and 12 urethral) were collected from 126 MSM. DNA was isolated and subjected to real-time PCR assays for the detection of the sexually transmitted (ST) pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasmas ssp, human papillomavirus (HPV) and six human polyomaviruses (HPyVs; JCPyV, BKPyV, Merkel cell PyV–MCPyV-, HPyV-6, HPyV-7 and HPyV-9). Results: C. trachomatis (31/126, 24.6%) and M. genitalium (30/126, 23.8%) were the most frequently detected ST pathogens. Thirty-one/126 (24.6%) patients were positive for at least one HPyV. The significantly (p < 0.05) prevalent HPyV in the anal tract was MCPyV, which was amplified in 27/81 (33.3%) samples, followed by HPyV-6, which was amplified in 6/81 (7.4%) swabs. Coinfections with MCPyV and C. trachomatis or Mycoplasmas were found in 4/21 (19.0%) and 5/21 (23.8%) anal/rectal swabs, respectively. Three/4 MCPyV-C. trachomatis coinfected patients were symptomatic. Conclusions: Based on the high prevalence of MCPyV in the anal/rectal swabs from MSM patients and on the well-known oncogenic properties of MCPyV, sexual transmission and possible involvement of HPyVs in the pathogenesis of diseases of the anal canal should be further studied.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Is Associated with Anal Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men

et al. 2019

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“…Hence, it is possible that the skin is not the only tissue infected by these viruses. This notion is supported by several studies, in which TSPyV and HPyV9 were detected sporadically in tonsil tissue, faeces, respiratory samples, urine or peripheral blood, mainly in immunosuppressed persons (Rockett et al, 2013;Herberhold et al, 2017;Kourieh et al, 2018;Borgogna et al, 2019;Kamminga et al, 2019). In our study, short-term persistence rates of HPyV10 were low and long-term persistence did not occur, although HPyV10 reaches a seroprevalence rate of nearly 100% in adults (Kamminga et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Natural History of Cutaneous Human Polyomavirus Infection in Healthy Individuals

et al. 2021

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Several human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) were recently discovered. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) induces Merkel cell carcinoma. HPyV6, HPyV7, and TSPyV have been associated with rare skin lesions in immunosuppressed patients. HPyV9, HPyV10, and Saint Louis Polyomavirus (STLPyV) have not been convincingly associated with any disease. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the cutaneous prevalence, persistence and viral load of HPyVs in healthy individuals. Eight hundred seventy forehead and hand swabs were collected from 109 volunteers 4–6 weeks apart (collection period-1). Fifty-nine participants were available for follow-up a decade later (collection period-2). HPyV-DNA prevalence and viral loads of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10, and STLPyV were determined by virus-specific real-time PCRs. Risk factors for HPyV prevalence, short- and long-term persistence were explored by logistic regression analyses. Baseline prevalence rates were similar for forehead and hand: MCPyV 67.9/67.0%, HPyV6 31.2/25.7%, HPyV7 13.8/11.0%, HPyV10 11.9/15.6%, STLPyV 7.3/8.3%, TSPyV 0.9/0.9%, and HPyV9 0.9/0.9%. Short-term persistence in period-1 was found in 59.6% (MCPyV), 23.9% (HPyV6), 10.1% (HPyV7), 6.4% (HPyV10), 5.5% (STLPyV), and 0% (TSPyV and HPyV9) on the forehead, with similar values for the hand. Long-term persistence for 9–12 years occurred only for MCPyV (forehead/hand 39.0%/44.1% of volunteers), HPyV6 (16.9%/11.9%), and HPyV7 (3.4%/5.1%). Individuals with short-term persistence had significantly higher viral loads at baseline compared to those with transient DNA-positivity (p < 0.001 for MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and HPyV10, respectively). This was also true for median viral loads in period-1 of MCPyV, HPyV6, and HPyV7 of volunteers with long-term persistence. Multiplicity (two or more different HPyVs) was a risk factor for prevalence and persistence for most HPyVs. Further risk factors were older age for HPyV6 and male sex for MCPyV on the forehead. Smoking was not a risk factor. In contrast to MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and rarely STLPyV, polyomaviruses TSPyV, HPyV9, and HPyV10 do not seem to be long-term constituents of the human skin virome of healthy individuals. Furthermore, this study showed that higher viral loads are associated with both short- and long-term persistence of HPyVs on the skin. HPyV multiplicity is a risk factor for prevalence, short-term and/or long-term persistence of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and HPyV10.

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“…Of note, gargle samples were also collected before the surgery and tested for EBV in the first 139 included adults, for which EBV prevalence was 67%, equivalent to that for tonsils (68%). Finally, around 90% of detected EBV was shown to be of type 1, either in tonsil brushings or gargles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CMV, human cytomegalovirus; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; HHV, human herpesviruses; HSV, herpes simplex virus; KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; VZV, varicella zoster virus neither sex, as in most previous studies, 2 nor indication of tonsillectomy, even though it has been suggested that EBV may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent tonsillitis. 34 Of note, gargle samples were also collected before the surgery and tested for EBV in the first 139 included adults, 25,50 for which EBV prevalence was 67%, equivalent to that for tonsils (68%). Finally, around 90% of detected EBV was shown to be of type 1, either in tonsil brushings or gargles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of human herpesviruses infections in nonmalignant tonsils: The SPLIT study

Kourieh

Gheit

Tommasino

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Objective To assess the prevalence of all known human herpesviruses (HHV) in tonsils of an age‐stratified large sample of immunocompetent children and adults. Methods Patients undergoing tonsillectomy for benign indications were recruited in 19 French hospitals. After resection, the entire outer surfaces of right and left half tonsils were extensively brushed. A highly sensitive species‐specific multiplex assay was used to detect herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), HSV2, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV; types 1 and 2), and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in 688, as well as varicella zoster virus (VZV), HHV6A, HHV6B, HHV7, and Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) DNA in a subset of 440 tonsil brushings. Results Overall 85% of tonsil brushing samples were infected with at least one HHV species. HHV7 and EBV were the most prevalent (≈70%), followed by HHV6B (≈50%), HSV1, CMV, VZV (≈2%), and KSHV and HSV2 (<1%), while HHV6A was not detected. EBV prevalence was significantly higher in adults than in children, whereas it was opposite for HHV6B and VZV. No difference in HHV prevalence was observed by sex. In multivariate analysis, EBV detection was associated with age greater than or equal to 15 years (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5‐2.3) and marginally with tobacco smoking (PR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1‐1.3). Conclusion Differing patterns of HHV infection in tonsils in a large age‐stratified population were described. This study is by far the largest available and shows that EBV, HHV6B, and HHV7 are commonly detected in the tonsils in both men and women, in contrast to other HHVs.

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Prevalence and risk factors of human polyomavirus infections in non-malignant tonsils and gargles: the SPLIT study

Cited by 13 publications

References 66 publications

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Is Associated with Anal Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Is Associated with Anal Infections in Men Who Have Sex with Men

Natural History of Cutaneous Human Polyomavirus Infection in Healthy Individuals

Prevalence of human herpesviruses infections in nonmalignant tonsils: The SPLIT study

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