“…The issue of non-pathological Foreign Language (FL) attrition, defined as FL learners' loss of their linguistic knowledge or skills when they end or stop their formal language learning (Bardovi-Harlig & Stringer, 2010;Bardovi-Harlig & Burghardt, 2020;De Bot & Weltens, 1995;Moorcraft & Gardner, 1987;Oxford, 1982;Schmid & Mehotcheva, 2012), has been widely discussed and investigated since the 1980s (Bahrick, 1984;Bardovi-Harlig & Stringer, 2010;A. D. Cohen, 1989;De Bot & Weltens, 1995;Gardner, Lalonde, & Macpherson, 1985;Gardner, Lalonde, Moorcroft, & Evers, 1987;Kuhberg, 1992;Nakuma, 1997;Schmid & Mehotcheva, 2012;Szupica-Pyrzanowska, 2016;Weltens, 1987).…”