Preventive Regulations to Remove Environmental Damage to Mangrove Ecosystem at East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

Indonesia is an archipelago state composed with thousands of large and small islands. Mangrove restoration got widespread attention given the high economic and social value of ecosystem ecology. Restoration may raise the value of mangrove biodiversity resources, give the livelihoods of the population, prevent damage to the beach, keepbiodiversity, fisheries, and others. This paper proposes legal frameworks to support to counteract damage to mangrove ecosystem at East Kalimantan based on Indonesian regulations.

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“…The recognition of human-induced threats to mangroves has been long supported by quantitative researches (i.e., [65,66]) and has been observed not just in Karimunjawa but also in other areas in Indonesia. For instance, mangrove losses due to conversion into oil palm plantation and other land uses were observed in the islands of Mentawau (West Sumatra), Lankat (North Sumatra), Bawal (West Kalimantan), Seram (Maluku), Bangka Belitung, and Enggano Bengkulu [67]. The results of this study and previous researches (i.e., [59,68]) indicate that mangroves in Indonesia are still threatened by manmade activities despite an increase in management strategies (i.e., [66,69,70]).…”

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“…The recognition of human-induced threats to mangroves has been long supported by quantitative researches (i.e., [65,66]) and has been observed not just in Karimunjawa but also in other areas in Indonesia. For instance, mangrove losses due to conversion into oil palm plantation and other land uses were observed in the islands of Mentawau (West Sumatra), Lankat (North Sumatra), Bawal (West Kalimantan), Seram (Maluku), Bangka Belitung, and Enggano Bengkulu [67]. The results of this study and previous researches (i.e., [59,68]) indicate that mangroves in Indonesia are still threatened by manmade activities despite an increase in management strategies (i.e., [66,69,70]).…”