Primary metabolism and initial development of grafted black pepper seedlings

Abstract

The production of black pepper seedlings through grafting is a promising strategy to mitigate the effect of environmental stresses, such as drought, that limit its cultivation. However, studies on compatibility between grafts and rootstocks are still scarce, especially considering the wild species of the genus Piper and the cultivated genotypes of black pepper. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between primary metabolism and the development of black pepper seedlings obtained through intra- and interspecific grafting. The method used was that of cleft lateral grafting, as graft the Bragantina cultivar, better known in the world as ‘Panniyur 1’, and ‘Kottanadan’ cultivar and three wild species (Piper hispidum, Piper aduncum and Piper tuberculatum) were used as root-stock. As a control, ´Bragantina` was grafted onto itself (homograft). The experiment was carried out for 110 days and the seedlings were evaluated for development, gas exchange, and carbohydrate allocation. The rootstock influences the development and primary metabolism of seedlings. P. aduncum showed greater initial compatibility among wild species, due to less impediment to carbohydrate flow. P. tuberculatum showed early incompatibility, as the grafts died. The seedlings grafted on P. hispidum and 'Kottanadan' had initial compatibility with an average of 78% survival and 60% budding, but they may have late incompatibility due to limitation of carbohydrate flow.

Evaluating the effect of grafting methods and rootstocks through the analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence

“…Hand.-Mazz., however, was considered incompatible, as it did not show a good establishment between graft and rootstock (John et al 2020). Initial compatibility has also been reported for P. tuberculatum (Crasque et al 2021). Initial compatibility is very important for the successful production of grafted seedlings.…”

“…Nguyen et al (2020) observed 82.0% of P. nigrum graft survival on P. colubrinum. Crasque et al (2021) considered P. aduncum grafted on cv. Bragantina compatible, as in the present study, due to the lower impediment of carbohydrate flow, aerial part formation, and survival.…”

“…In Brazil, the method of side-cleft grafting was evaluated using the cultivars Panniyur-1 and Kottanadan as the graft. Rootstocks of P. hispidum and P. aduncum setting was approximately 35.0% (Crasque et al 2021).…”

O tipo de tutor influência nos caracteres de crescimento e produção de cultivares de pimenteira-do-reino no nordeste do Pará-Brasil

“…A avaliação das cultivares nos tutores ocorreu conforme as variáveis de crescimento, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, e número de ramos ortotrópicos de quatro plantas escolhidas ao acaso para cada cultivar por tutor, assim como o comprimento do pecíolo, e a largura, o comprimento e a espessura de 40 folhas adultas, enquanto que para avariáveis de produção, o tamanho da espiga sem pedúnculo, o peso e o número de frutos por espiga foram tomados de 20 espigas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, para experimento em blocos ao acaso, utilizando o software SISVAR (Ferreira et al, 2021). As médias foram comparadas aplicando-se o teste Tukey ao nível de 0,05 de probabilidade para verificação de efeito significativo.…”

“…A espécie é autógama e nas condições amazônicas a floração ocorre entre os meses de dezembro a abril, durante a época de chuva na região, a polinização ocorre por geitonogamina, em que a água auxilia na dispersão do pólen e a colheita ocorre seis meses após a fecundação (Poltronieri et al, 2020). A multiplicação para o cultivo comercial ocorre por meio de estacas de um a três nós, retiradas do terço médio da planta, permitindo a obtenção de pimentais homogêneos e produtivos no primeiro ano de cultivo (Albuquerque & Duarte, 1979;Crasque et al, 2021).…”