Primary tumours of the calcaneus (Review)

Abstract

The calcaneus is a rare location for the occurrence and development of primary tumour types. Clinicians are unfamiliar with calcaneal tumour types, which may result in a delay in diagnosis or a missed diagnosis, resulting in unnecessary morbidity and amputation. Heel pain and localized swelling of the ankle are the most common symptoms. X-ray is the first choice for a tentative diagnosis of a calcaneal tumour. The final diagnosis depends on a histological examination. The treatment of calcaneal tumour types varies depending on the Enneking system. The majority of patients with benign tumours heal, except for a few with a palindromia. For malignant tumours, the prognosis is comparatively poor, resulting in disability and a high rate of metastasis. This review describes the spectrum of calcaneal tumour types and specifically illustrates the epidemiology, symptomatology, imagology, histopathology and treatment options that may facilitate diagnosis and improve prognosis.

Computed tomographic (CT) arthrogram contributes to the diagnosis of an osteochondroma of the distal calcaneus in a horse

“…Equine Veterinary Education published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd 4 CT arthrogram contributes to osteochondroma diagnosis benign bone tumour normally presenting in children and young adults (Thompson and Pool 2001). The calcaneus is an infrequently reported location causing minimal clinical signs remaining dormant through adulthood (Yan et al 2018). Rarely, pain and swelling can develop around dormant calcaneal osteochondromas and this is normally associated with malignant transformation (Yan et al 2018).…”

“…Rarely, pain and swelling can develop around dormant calcaneal osteochondromas and this is normally associated with malignant transformation (Yan et al . 2018). There are no reported cases of malignant transformation of solitary osteochondromas in horses, and the histopathologic findings in this case suggested a benign process.…”

Giant Cell Tumor of the Calcaneus

“…The foot is an uncommon location for osseous tumours, comprising 3% of all skeletal tumours of which about one-third reside in the calcaneus [5]. GCT constitutes 1.2% of calcaneal tumours making it a rare entity [3].…”

Efficacy of Lesion Specific Portals in Endoscopic Treatment of Calcaneal Bone Cyst: A Case Report and Literature Review

“…The calcaneus is a rare location for the development of primary tumors and most of these lesions are represented to be benign [1]. Of the many kinds of benign bone cysts occurring in the calcaneus, simple bone cysts (SBCs) are known to be the most common type, followed by aneurysmal bone cysts or osteochondromas.…”