Prime-boost immunization with cruzipain co-administered with MALP-2 triggers a protective immune response able to decrease parasite burden and tissue injury in an experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection model

Psilostachyin C: a natural compound with trypanocidal activity

“…Groups of five female C3H/HeN mice (6-8 weeks old; weight 23.8 ± 2.6 g) were infected with 5 × 10 3 bloodstream T. cruzi trypomastigotes by intraperitoneal injection [24][25][26][27]. Mice were treated daily with either 1 mg/kg body weight/day of the pure compound or benznidazole for five consecutive days (Days 5-10 post infection).…”

Coadministration of cruzipain and GM-CSF DNAs, a new immunotherapeutic vaccine againstTrypanosoma cruziinfection

“…Cell proliferation was assayed as previously reported by thymidine incorporation. 35 Measurement of muscle damage Muscle damage was evaluated through the determination of a panel of myopathy-linked enzyme markers. Serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured at 35 and 100 dpi for the acute model and 190 dpi for the chronic model of T. cruzi infection.…”

Oral Exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi Elicits a Systemic CD8+T Cell Response and Protection against Heterotopic Challenge

“…Canine vaccination is a long-standing idea and has a proven role in controlling zoonotic diseases, including rabies and leishmaniasis (40). Reservoirs could conveniently be vaccinated by the oral route, and previous studies support the immunogenic potential of mucosally delivered T. cruzi Ag (10,11,21,(23)(24)(25)58). It has also been shown that vaccination can generate effective immunity against mucosal T. cruzi challenge (23,24,58).…”

“…Although there is a discrepancy in the literature as to whether mucosal vaccination is absolutely necessary to induce protection at mucosal sites (4,31), there is no doubt that mucosal vaccination can stimulate mucosal immunity (27). Additionally, mucosal infection or immunization with T. cruzi parasites or Ag leads to IgA production (10,11,21,26,57) and confers resistance to mucosal T. cruzi challenge (23,24,58). Thus, given the protection against systemic challenge observed after oral vaccination with T. cruzi in these studies, we also predict that an oral route of immunization will effectively protect against mucosal challenge.…”