Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis for homogeneity evaluation during the preparation of a wheat flour laboratory reference material for inorganic analysis

Homogeneity study of a corn flour laboratory reference material candidate for inorganic analysis

“…The usual process for accuracy evaluation of an analytical method is the analysis of a certified reference material (CRM) that is recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (dos Santos, Lima, & de Jesus, 2011;IUPAC, 2002;Lima et al, 2010;Valente, Sanches-Silva, Albuquerque, & Costa, 2014). However, CRMs of many types of matrices are not available, and they have high costs.…”

“…Thus, there has been a growing requirement for the development of new reference materials (Kato et al, 2013;Spisso et al, 2013;Ulrich & Sarkis, 2013;Valente et al, 2014). The homogeneity test is one of the most important steps in the development and production of a CRM (dos Santos et al, 2011;Lima et al, 2010). According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide 35 (ISO, 2006), homogeneity is related to various factors, such as the type of material, the size of the sample, and the types of analytes in addition to the accuracy and precision of the determination.…”

“…Multivariate statistical methods allow the extraction of information that is not clearly shown by the data set (do Nascimento et al, 2010). Among these methods, principal component analysis (PCA) has been most widely used in analytical chemistry (Anunciação, Leao, de Jesus, & Ferreira, 2011;do Nascimento et al, 2010;dos Santos et al, 2013a,b;Lima et al, 2010;Liu et al, 2014;Oliveira et al, 2014;Rocha et al, 2013;Šelih, Šala, & Drgan, 2014). PCA can be applied in data analysis with the following goals: data reduction, structural simplification, object grouping, modeling, outlier detection, variable selection, and prediction.…”

Characterization of Particles in the Ambience of the High-Tech Industrial Park of Central Taiwan

“…Though Fang et al (2003) has proposed a monitoring program cooperated with PCA approach in the same study area to reveal the basic characteristics of PMs, their study didn't reveal either the casual relationships between observations and meteorological conditions or potential pollution sources in their study. Recently, many comprehensive approaches consisting of PCA and other data analysis technologies such as geographic information system (GIS) and cluster analysis are also proposed (Han et al, 2006;Kao et al, 2006;Zhou et al, 2007;Lima et al, 2010). For these reasons, this study proposes a series of data analysis procedures to outline the difference of typical materials between fine and large size PMs after a three-year monitoring program in the period of 2008 to 2011.…”

Determination and Evaluation of the Mineral Composition of Chinese Cabbage (Beta vulgaris)

“…This technique simplifies the graphical representation of the data by reducing the variance from higher to lower dimensional spaces. Thus, PCA has often been employed for the evaluation and characterization of elements in foods such as milk (Nascimento et al 2010), wine (Pereira et al 2010), olive oil (Fasciotti and Netto 2010), leaves (Fadigas et al 2010;Lima et al 2010), coffee (Korhonova et al 2009), meat and fish (Spiric et al 2010), and others (Choi et al 2009). …”