Principles of Percutaneous Absorption

Schaefer, Hans; Stüttgen, Günter; Schalla, W.; Gazith, J.; Bauer, Elke

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-023199-0.50028-x

Cited by 21 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Various types of skin lesions covered by pathological SC always reveal higher TEWL because of impaired barrier function [6,9,10]. However, even on the normal skin, in vivo measurement of TEWL clearly demonstrates great variations between different body regions reflecting the differences in thickness as well as the degree of the structural integrity because of maturity of the SC.…”

Section: Differences In Transepidermal Water Loss As a Results Of Anatmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Location‐related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin

Tagami

2008

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

154

141

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Between the two different kinds of the skin covering the body, the glabrous skin is found only on the palmo-plantar surface because of its rather simple function to protect the underlying living tissue with its remarkably thick stratum corneum (SC) from strong external force and friction. Thus, its barrier function is extremely poor. In contrast, the hair-bearing skin covers almost all over the body surface regardless of the presence of long hair or vellus hair. In regard to its SC, many dermatologists and skin scientists think that it is too thin to show any site-specific differences, because the SC is just present as an efficient barrier membrane to protect our body from desiccation as well as against the invasion by external injurious agents. However, there are remarkable regional differences not only in the living skin tissue but also even in such thin SC reflecting the function of each anatomical location. These differences in the SC have been mostly disclosed with the advent of non-invasive biophysical instruments, particularly the one that enables us to measure transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the parameter of the SC barrier function, and the one that evaluates the hydration state of the skin surface, the parameter of the water-holding capacity of the SC that brings about softness and smoothness to the skin surface. These in vivo instrumental measurements of the SC have disclosed the presence of remarkable differences in the functional properties of the SC particularly between the face and other portions of the body. The SC of the facial skin is thinner, being composed of smaller layers of corneocytes than that of the trunk and limbs. It shows unique functional characteristics to provide hydrated skin surface but relatively poor barrier function, which is similar to that observed in retinoid-treated skin or to that of fresh scar or keloidal scars. Moreover, there even exist unexpected, site-dependent differences in the SC of the facial skin such as the forehead, eyelid, cheek, nose and perioral regions, although each location occupies only a small area. Between these locations, the cheek shows the lowest TEWL in contrast to the perioral region that reveals the highest one. Moreover, these features are not static but change with age particularly between children and adults and maybe also between genders. Among various facial locations, the eyelid skin is distinct from others because its SC is associated with poor skin surface lipids and a thin SC cell layer composed of large corneocytes that brings about high surface hydration state but poor barrier function, whereas the vermillion borders of the lips that are covered by an exposed part of the oral mucosa exhibit remarkably poor barrier function and low hydration state. Future studies aiming at the establishment of the functional mapping in each facial region and in other body regions will shed light on more delicate site-dependent differences, which will provide us important information in planning the strategy to start so called tailor-made skin care for...

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Section: Differences In Transepidermal Water Loss As a Results Of Anatmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Thus, it is presumed that their poor barrier function reflects their extremely thin SC structure [2,6,12,16,17].…”

Section: Differences In Transepidermal Water Loss As a Results Of Anatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Location‐related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin

Tagami

2008

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

154

141

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“…Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments have shown that human skin lipid layers are arranged in two types of parallel layers which have interlayer distances of 6.4 nm and 13.4 nm [2,3]. By contrast with normal cell membranes these lipid multilayers are not liquid-crystalline at skin temperature, but exhibit a complex polymorphism of mainly solid phases in which the lipid alkyl chains are tightly packed and immobile [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared spectroscopy of the skin: influencing the stratum corneum with cosmetic products

Prasch

Knübel

Schmidt-Fonk

et al. 2000

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the skin and, as such, represents the decisive barrier between the body and the environment. The combination of horny cells and lamellar lipid layers prevents water loss from the body and protects it against penetration by exogenous substances. For selective investigation of the thin outermost stratum corneum layer ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy has proved itself in practice. It provides information about the sebum content, type of fatty substances, water content and degree of order of the lamellar lipid film in the stratum corneum. Different types of skin (dry, normal and greasy) differ mainly in their sebum content but also in the composition of their fats and the degree of order of their lipids. A comparison with model lipid mixtures shows that the stratum corneum lipids are mainly present in a fixed gel form under physiological conditions. In cleansing processes a large part of the sebum is removed from the skin. The skin reacts to the defatting process by the rapid secretion of sebum. After cleansing with a mild face cleansing emulsion the re-achievement of the same fat status takes longer than with a surfactant shower gel. Skin creams cause alterations to the skin moisture and in the degree of order of the stratum corneum lipids. A lamellar cream with a structure similar to that of the stratum corneum lipids increases the degree of order of the alkyl chains of the skin lipid film (biomimetic principle), whereas a conventional w/o cream reduces this degree of order. Skin moisture increases after the use of the creams.

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“…This is consistent with other models of reconstituted epidermis or living skin equivalents models, which all appear to be more permeable than human skin. 32 These results also suggested that HA is able to modulate levels of its own receptor, similar to the ability of insulin and glucose to influence levels of the insulin receptor. 44 Such an observation has not been documented heretofore.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…They include passive diffusion and active transport, as well as other pharmacotoxicological processes. 32 Numerous systems have been developed that provide simplified models for measuring skin permeation. In vitro skin equivalents growing at the air±liquid interface constitute a class of models for drug skin irritation and absorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical hyaluronidase decreases hyaluronic acid and CD44 in human skin and in reconstituted human epidermis: evidence that hyaluronidase can permeate the stratum corneum

Laugier¹,

Shuster²,

Rosdy³

et al. 2000

British Journal of Dermatology

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Hyaluronic acid (HA), a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix involved in growth, inflammation and wound healing, also contributes to the hydration and plastic properties of skin. Several drug and cosmetic formulations contain HA. We have initiated investigations that explore whether it is possible, by topical application, to modulate endogenous HA levels in skin. We developed a model epidermal culture system that exhibited a differentiated stratum corneum, and expressed HA and the HA receptor CD44, in a pattern similar to that observed in intact skin. Such in vitro skin equivalents are useful models for investigating the effect of topical drugs. HA and bacterial hyaluronidase were applied to the in vitro skin equivalent and to human skin. Their effects on endogenous HA and CD44 expression were examined using histochemical analysis. Topical HA treatment had no significant effect on HA or CD44 expression in either system. However, hyaluronidase decreased HA and CD44 expression in a dose-dependent manner in both the epidermal culture system and in skin. Apparently, HA is not able to permeate the epidermal culture system or human skin to a significant degree, but bacterial hyaluronidase does permeate both human skin and the culture system, depleting HA and decreasing CD44 expression. These effects were more prominent in the dermal than in the epidermal layers, suggesting that marked differences in HA metabolism exist in these two skin compartments. The ability of hyaluronidase to permeate the stratum corneum suggests that topical application may, additionally, be useful as a clinical modality.

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Principles of Percutaneous Absorption

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Location‐related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin

Location‐related differences in structure and function of the stratum corneum with special emphasis on those of the facial skin

Infrared spectroscopy of the skin: influencing the stratum corneum with cosmetic products

Topical hyaluronidase decreases hyaluronic acid and CD44 in human skin and in reconstituted human epidermis: evidence that hyaluronidase can permeate the stratum corneum

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