Principles of Physiology

Pramanik, Debasis

doi:10.5005/jp/books/12674

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Piloerection is also observed in petroleum ether administered animals, and this may be due to sympathetic stimulation or by dopamine-induced localized cutaneous vasoconstriction. [ 22 23 24 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of sub-chronic toxic effects of petroleum ether, a laboratory solvent in Sprague-Dawley rats

Parasuraman¹,

Sujithra²,

Syamittra³

et al. 2014

J Basic Clin Pharma

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Background:In general, organic solvents are inhibiting many physiological enzymes and alter the behavioural functions, but the available scientific knowledge on laboratory solvent induced organ specific toxins are very limited. Hence, the present study was planned to determine the sub-chronic toxic effects of petroleum ether (boiling point 40–60°C), a laboratory solvent in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.Materials and Methods:The SD rats were divided into three different groups viz., control, low exposure petroleum ether (250 mg/kg; i.p.) and high exposure petroleum ether (500 mg/kg; i.p.) administered group. The animals were exposed with petroleum ether once daily for 2 weeks. Prior to the experiment and end of the experiment animals behaviour, locomotor and memory levels were monitored. Before initiating the study animals were trained for 2 weeks for its learning process and its memory levels were evaluated. Body weight (BW) analysis, locomotor activity, anxiogenic effect (elevated plus maze) and learning and memory (Morris water navigation task) were monitored at regular intervals. On 14th day of the experiment, few ml of blood sample was collected from all the experimental animals for estimation of biochemical parameters. At the end of the experiment, all the animals were sacrificed, and brain, liver, heart, and kidney were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis.Results:In rats, petroleum ether significantly altered the behavioural functions; reduced the locomotor activity, grip strength, learning and memory process; inhibited the regular body weight growth and caused anxiogenic effects. Dose-dependent organ specific toxicity with petroleum ether treated group was observed in brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney. Extrapyramidal effects that include piloerection and cannibalism were also observed with petroleum ether administered group. These results suggested that the petroleum ether showed a significant decrease in central nervous system (CNS) activity, and it has dose-dependent toxicity on all vital organs.Conclusion:The dose-dependent CNS and organ specific toxicity was observed with sub-chronic administration of petroleum ether in SD rats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of sub-chronic toxic effects of petroleum ether, a laboratory solvent in Sprague-Dawley rats

Parasuraman¹,

Sujithra²,

Syamittra³

et al. 2014

J Basic Clin Pharma

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“…More specifically, 80 b/min was used since usually the heart rate in dogs is between 60 and 100 b/min. Concerning humans, 72 b/min represents the average heart rate [42]. However, a different choice in terms of reference heart rate is not expected to have any impact on the PD results or conclusions [43].…”

Section: Pk/pd Modelmentioning

confidence: 96%

Modelling of drug-induced QT-interval prolongation: estimation approaches and translational opportunities

Marostica

Ammel²,

Teisman³

et al. 2015

J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn

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Safety pharmacology studies are performed to assess whether compounds may provoke severe arrhythmias (e.g. Torsades de Pointes, TdP) and sudden death in man. Although there is strong evidence that drugs inducing TdP in man prolong the QT interval in vivo and block the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) ion channel in vitro, not all drugs affecting the QT interval or the hERG will induce TdP. Nevertheless, QT-interval prolongation and hERG blockade currently represent the most accepted early risk biomarkers to deselect drugs. An extensive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis is developed to understand moxifloxacin's-induced effects on the QT interval by comparing the relationship between results of an in vitro patch-clamp model to in vivo models. The frequentist and the fully Bayesian estimation procedures were compared and provided similar performances when the best model selected in NONMEM is subsequently implemented in WinBUGS, which guarantees a straightforward calculation of the probability of QT-interval prolongation greater than 2.5 % (10 ms). The use of the percent threshold to account for the intrinsic differences between species and a new calculation of the probability curve are introduced. The concentration providing the 50 % probability indicates that dogs are more sensitive than humans to QT-interval prolongation. However, based on the drug effect, a clear distinction between species cannot be made. An operational PK/PD model of agonism was used to investigate the relationship between effects on the hERG and QT-interval prolongation in dogs. The proposed analysis contributes to establish a translational relationship that could potentially reduce the need for thorough QT studies.

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“…Techniques based on haemagglutination include the tube [7], slide [8], and microplate tests [9,10] and the column agglutination system [11,12]. Although highly accurate and specific, these techniques are expensive, requiring specialised equipment and trained personnel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red blood cell transport mechanisms in polyester thread-based blood typing devices

et al. 2015

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A recently developed blood typing diagnostic based on a polyester thread substrate has shown great promise for use in medical emergencies and in impoverished regions. The device is easy to use and transport, while also being inexpensive, accurate, and rapid. This study used a fluorescent confocal microscope to delve deeper into how red blood cells were behaving within the polyester thread-based diagnostic at the cellular level, and how plasma separation could be made to visibly occur on the thread, making it possible to identify blood type in a single step. Red blood cells were stained and the plasma phase dyed with fluorescent compounds to enable them to be visualised under the confocal microscope at high magnification. The mechanisms uncovered were in surprising contrast with those found for a similar, paper-based method. Red blood cell aggregates did not flow over each other within the thread substrate as expected, but suffered from a restriction to their flow which resulted in the chromatographic separation of the RBCs from the liquid phase of the blood. It is hoped that these results will lead to the optimisation of the method to enable more accurate and sensitive detection, increasing the range of blood systems that can be detected.

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Principles of Physiology

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of sub-chronic toxic effects of petroleum ether, a laboratory solvent in Sprague-Dawley rats

Evaluation of sub-chronic toxic effects of petroleum ether, a laboratory solvent in Sprague-Dawley rats

Modelling of drug-induced QT-interval prolongation: estimation approaches and translational opportunities

Red blood cell transport mechanisms in polyester thread-based blood typing devices

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