“…Noting that PMM, is "…filled with limitations, conflicting interests, uncertainties, paradoxes and ambivalences" (Vakkuri and Meklin 2006, p.236), it is reasonable to derive from the literature several possible 'sources of ambiguity' within the PMM systems of complex multi-stakeholder organisations. Clearly, the heterogeneity of stakeholders, with differing priorities and pressures (May et al 2014), may lead to ambiguities in the PMM systems of complex multi-stakeholder organisations (Vakkuri and Meklin 2006). Such ambiguity may manifest in different ways that may be related to: (i) the purpose of performance measurement, (ii) what is being measured and why, (iii) who decides what to measure and who the measurement is for, (iv) who uses and acts on the measures, (v) how often the measures should be reviewed, (vi) how measures are deployed throughout the organisation, (vii) how they are reported, and (viii) how they are implemented and used.…”