“…In contrast, native forests on private land are managed for timber and firewood, often using non‐sustainable practices under precarious land tenure arrangements or illegal operations, accounting for much of the forest loss and degradation observed in South America (Karsenty, Drigo, Piketty, & Singer, ; Keller et al, ; Llerena, Hermoza, Yalle, Flores, & Salinas, ). At the same time, individuals, conservation organizations, indigenous peoples, the forest industry, and government agencies have created public and private protected forest areas, which are dedicated to various ecosystem services including water provision and regulation (Serenari, Peterson, Wallace, & Stowhas, ). Differences in land ownership and management objectives create trade‐offs between wood production and water ecosystem services from forests at scales ranging from small (<1 km 2 ) to mid‐size (100 km 2 ) to large (>10,000 km 2 ) watersheds and to whole regions.…”