Pro- and Antiangiogenic Factors in Gliomas: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Possibilities

Abstract

Angiogenesis, a complex, multistep process of forming new blood vessels, plays crucial role in normal development, embryogenesis, and wound healing. Malignant tumors characterized by increased proliferation also require new vasculature to provide an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients for developing tumor. Gliomas are among the most frequent primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by increased new vessel formation. The processes of neoangiogenesis, necessary for glioma development, are mediated by numerous growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and other proteins. In contrast to other solid tumors, some biological conditions, such as the blood–brain barrier and the unique interplay between immune microenvironment and tumor, represent significant challenges in glioma therapy. Therefore, the objective of the study was to present the role of various proangiogenic factors in glioma angiogenesis as well as the differences between normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Another goal was to present novel therapeutic options in oncology approaches. We performed a thorough search via the PubMed database. In this paper we describe various proangiogenic factors in glioma vasculature development. The presented paper also reviews various antiangiogenic factors necessary in maintaining equilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic processes. Furthermore, we present some novel possibilities of antiangiogenic therapy in this type of tumors.

The Chemokine CXCL7 Is Related to Angiogenesis and Associated With Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Patients

“…The nomogram and its corresponding evaluation index also showed that CXCL7 was associated with outcome in CRC patients. Based on the above results, we suggest that CXCL7 may regulate expression of VEGF in CRC tissues, maybe for the reason that angiogenic functions can be induced by chemokine-regulated inflammatory stimuli (48,(54)(55)(56). Because the treatment methods are also very important for the patient's prognosis, the related surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy methods will be taken into consideration for comprehensively exploring the factors which could affect patient survival time in future study.…”

Systematic Analysis of Chemokines Reveals CCL18 is a Prognostic Biomarker in Glioblastoma

“… 8 , 29 Among heterogeneous primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), gliomas are the most frequent type, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characterized with the worst prognosis. 1 Previous studies showed that some chemokines were significantly related to prognosis and might be potential biomarkers for GBM, including CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL14, CCL2, CCL11, CCL13, CCL21, CCL22, CCL27 14 , 30–32 ( Table S2 ). However, different numbers of GBM samples from the TCGA database were used to analyze the expression of chemokines, making it challenging to identify promising biomarkers for GBM.…”

“… 12 , 13 Specific chemokines have distinct effects on tumor growth, metastasis, the low to high-grade gliomas transition, and therapeutic outcomes. 8 , 14 , 15 Especially, high-risk GBM patients exhibited higher expression level of CCL18, which correlated with high levels of Tim-3, indicating an association between immune cell infiltration and GBM prognosis. 16 , 17 However, a systematically contrastive analysis of the role of chemokines in human glioma prognosis is limited.…”

Plasma metabolomics analyses highlight the multifaceted effects of noise exposure and the diagnostic power of dysregulated metabolites for noise-induced hearing loss in steel workers

“…In addition to the common gene expression changes, there were some genes uniquely dysregulated in either of the two kinds of mice. Compared with the susceptible mice, the genes uniquely increased in resistance mice after noise exposure was associated with vasculature development and response to growth factor processes, which were important for wound healing and tissue repair (Ferrigno et al, 2020;Groblewska and Mroczko, 2021). The consistent results were also shown in uniquely differentially expressed cochlear genes between the two kinds of mice after noise exposure.…”