Probabilistic approach for health hazard assessment of trihalomethanes through successive showering events

Chlorinated disinfectants are widely used in hospitals, COVID-19 quarantine facilities, households, institutes, and public areas to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus as they are effective against viruses on various surfaces. Medical facilities have enhanced their routine disinfection of indoors, premises, and in-house sewage. Besides questioning the efficiency of these compounds in combating coronavirus, the impacts of these excessive disinfection efforts have not been discussed anywhere. The impacts of chlorine-based disinfectants on both environment and human health are reviewed in this paper. Chlorine in molecular and in compound forms is known to pose many health hazards. Hypochlorite addition to soil can increase chlorine/chloride concentration, which can be fatal to plant species if exposed. When chlorine compounds reach the sewer/drainage system and are exposed to aqueous media such as wastewater, many disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be formed depending on the concentrations of natural organic matter, inorganics, and anthropogenic pollutants present. Chlorination of hospital wastewater can also produce toxic drug-derived disinfection by-products. Many DBPs are carcinogenic to humans, and some of them are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. DBPs can be harmful to the flora and fauna of the receiving water body and may have adverse effects on microorganisms and plankton present in these ecosystems. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-18316-2.

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Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic

Parveen

Chowdhury

Goel

2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Stability classification probability model of loess deposits based on MCS-Cloud

Xue

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Trihalomethanes monitoring and their seasonal variation in urban municipal water supply system in North India

Mazhar,

Ahmed,

Singh

et al. 2024

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Probabilistic approach for health hazard assessment of trihalomethanes through successive showering events

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic

Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic

Stability classification probability model of loess deposits based on MCS-Cloud

Trihalomethanes monitoring and their seasonal variation in urban municipal water supply system in North India

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