Probabilistic estimates of prenatal lead exposure at 195 toxic hotspots in low- and middle-income countries

Zajac, Lauren; Kobrosly, Roni W.; Ericson, Bret; Caravanos, Jack; Landrigan, Philip J.; Riederer, Anne M.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109251

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…It involves the process of soil ingestion, absorption after ingestion, and conversion into blood lead after absorption. The basic formula [ 19 ] is as follows:

where PbB adult,central is the central estimate of the blood lead concentration (μg/dL) in adults, PbB adult ,0 is the typical blood lead concentration (μg/dL) in adults, PbS is the soil lead concentration (μg/g), BKSF is the biokinetic slope factor (μg/dL blood lead increase per μg/day lead uptake), IR S is the intake rate of soil (g/day), AF S is the absolute gastrointestinal absorption fraction (unitless), EF S is the exposure frequency for contact with the assessed soil (days/year for long term exposure), and AT is the averaging time (days/year). Table S2 provides more information about these parameters.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Polluted by Lead around Various Metal Mines in China

Shi

Luo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The contamination of soil by lead (Pb) is a serious and widespread problem in China, especially in mining areas. This paper summarized the available data regarding Pb-contaminated soils around various metal mines in China. Based on these data, the Pb concentration in the soil and its temporal and spatial changes were analyzed. Potential ecological hazards and adult lead models were also used to estimate ecological and health risks. The results indicated that the concentration of Pb was closely related with the type of mine. Compared with other types of mine, soil around lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) and tin (Sn) mines with high Pb contents in the metallic ores and high pollutant emission coefficient were more strongly polluted by Pb. The characteristic spatial and temporal variations of Pb pollution status in China were clarified, and the results showed that the concentration was high in the southern, southwestern, and central regions of China where many mining areas were located, and the mean value passed a turning point in 2012. Ecological risk assessments indicated that some areas around mines were at considerable to high risk, and the risk was relatively severe in Pb-Zn mining areas. According to the adult lead model, Pb-Zn mines had a greater impact on blood Pb concentration than the other types of mine.

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“…It involves the process of soil ingestion, absorption after ingestion, and conversion into blood lead after absorption. The basic formula [ 19 ] is as follows:

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It involves the process of soil ingestion, absorption after ingestion, and conversion into blood lead after absorption. The basic formula [19] is as follows:…”

Section: Adult Lead Model (Alm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Polluted by Lead around Various Metal Mines in China

Shi

Luo

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…However, in low and middle-income countries, this problem had been resolved late ( 34 ). In the “toxic hotspots” (where lead-acid battery recycling, lead mining and smelting, and electronics recycling were conducted without environmental protections) in low and middle-income countries, lead exposure might cause important local health problems ( 36 ). Meanwhile, socio-economic development is another important reason.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Trends in Mortality and Burden of Stroke Attributable to Lead Exposure From 1990 to 2019

Zhang

Yin²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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BackgroundLead exposure is an important risk factor for stroke. However, the latest global spatiotemporal patterns of lead exposure-related stroke burden were unclear. In this study, we assessed this topic.MethodsThe data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (2019). The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was estimated to evaluate the temporal trends of the age-standardized mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates (ASMR and ASDR) of stroke attributable to lead exposure.ResultsIn 2019, the numbers of global stroke deaths and DALYs attributable to lead exposure were 305.27 and 6738.78 thousand, respectively. The corresponding ASMR and ASDR were highest in males, the elderly population, low and middle-income countries, and the intracerebral hemorrhage subtype. From 1990 to 2019, the ASMR and ASDR of global stroke attributable to lead exposure decreased [ASMR: EAPC = −1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): (−1.57, −1.10); ASDR: EAPC = −1.74, 95% CI: (−1.95, −1.52)], especially in females, the high-income countries, and the subarachnoid hemorrhage subtype.ConclusionThis study emphasizes the importance of continued implementation of lead exposure prevention strategies and improved high-efficiency treatment and stroke acute health care, especially in low and middle-income countries.

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“…Since 2010, several authors describe that children in a gold mine in Nigeria are highly intoxicated; approximately 400 fatalities due to lead poisoning among those children were reported [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Exposure to lead at many toxic sites in Low-and Lower-middle-income countries is a well-known risk factor for the cognitive development during pregnancy [39], an "estimated 820,000 women of childbearing age are at risk for lead exposure at these sites" [40]. Lead is an IARC 2A carcinogen with strengthening evidence more recently [41].…”

Section: Table 3 Toxic Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing disease and death from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) - the urgent need for responsible mining in the context of growing global demand for minerals and metals for climate change mitigation

et al. 2022

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Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) takes place under extreme conditions with a lack of occupational health and safety. As the demand for metals is increasing due in part to their extensive use in ‘green technologies’ for climate change mitigation, the negative environmental and occupational consequences of mining practices are disproportionately felt in low- and middle-income countries. The Collegium Ramazzini statement on ASM presents updated information on its neglected health hazards that include multiple toxic hazards, most notably mercury, lead, cyanide, arsenic, cadmium, and cobalt, as well as physical hazards, most notably airborne dust and noise, and the high risk of infectious diseases. These hazards affect both miners and mining communities as working and living spaces are rarely separated. The impact on children and women is often severe, including hazardous exposures during the child-bearing age and pregnancies, and the risk of child labor. We suggest strategies for the mitigation of these hazards and classify those according to primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Further, we identify knowledge gaps and issue recommendations for international, national, and local governments, metal purchasers, and employers are given. With this statement, the Collegium Ramazzini calls for the extension of efforts to minimize all hazards that confront ASM miners and their families.

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Probabilistic estimates of prenatal lead exposure at 195 toxic hotspots in low- and middle-income countries

Cited by 14 publications

References 72 publications

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Polluted by Lead around Various Metal Mines in China

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Polluted by Lead around Various Metal Mines in China

Global Trends in Mortality and Burden of Stroke Attributable to Lead Exposure From 1990 to 2019

Reducing disease and death from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) - the urgent need for responsible mining in the context of growing global demand for minerals and metals for climate change mitigation

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