Probabilistic Reliability Calculations for the Grid Connection of an Offshore Wind Farm

Underbrink, A.; Hanson, Jutta; Osterholt, A.; Zimmermann, W.

doi:10.1109/pmaps.2006.360258

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However the estimations made in the analysis carried out by Underbrink et al [6] appears to underestimate the failure rate across both MVAC and High Voltage AC (HVAC), which may be as a result of basing their estimations on onshore cable reliability statistics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to populate the database shown in Table 2 a number of papers and reports which focussed on reliability analysis and offshore cables were reviewed [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The reliability figures used were then converted from a number of different formats to be represented as failures / year in order to allow for comparison between different cable lengths and ratings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of this a number of authors have had to estimate failure rates such as the figures found in [3] which creates an estimate based on other literature, [4][5][6] which estimate failure rates through observation of onshore transmission reliability data and [7] which estimates a failure rate through discussion with cable manufacturers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Review of offshore cable reliability metrics

Warnock¹,

McMillan²,

Pilgrim³

et al. 2017

13th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2017)

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Reliable cable systems are essential for offshore wind operation. Industry trends have led to a large number of offshore cable connections being installed recently, with 11027 MW of offshore wind connected at the end of 2015 compared to just 2955 MW in 2010 [1]. Despite the increase in connections, the publically available reliability data in this area is almost non-existent. With several connections in planning of both similar and increasing lengths it is essential to better understand these metrics.A review of published reliability data was undertaken in order to populate a database which is presented in this paper. This data focusses on a number of connection types including both AC and DC connections across a number of cable ratings and configurations. From this database it is confirmed that reliability figures currently being used across the literature generally conform to those currently being experienced in the offshore wind industry. However it is established that failure rates taken from some reports are not accurate as the technology and environments these are calculated from are typically different from those used in offshore wind farm connections. This information is collated and converted into reliability metrics in order for comparisons to be made.Analysis of the cost of an outage experienced by a windfarm is also carried out in this paper. The results of which establish that the revenue lost from a cable failure could potentially be substantial. The findings in this paper would also suggest a greater risk of failure in the early life of a windfarm and as such a greater potential cost associated with this risk.It is important to have a better understanding of offshore renewable energy cable connections as the reliability of a cable has a significant impact on the Levelised Cost of Energy. With a greater understanding of the metrics investors can make more informed decisions with respect to the technology that is installed as well as the importance of the installation process itself, due diligence on subsequent OFTO asset purchases and the maintenance plans that have been outlined for the connection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Review of offshore cable reliability metrics

Warnock¹,

McMillan²,

Pilgrim³

et al. 2017

13th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2017)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Voorspools in [12] presented an analytical formula, instead of stochastic reliability evaluation, for credit capacity (how much conventional power can be avoided). In [13], analytical approach was combined with a failure-effect to perform probabilistic reliability calculations. Zhao et al in [14] presented an analytical offshore wind farm reliability model for optimization analysis.…”

Section: Challenges To System Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges of large wind generation intermittence and fluctuation for future smart grids

Shi

Zheng

et al. 2011

2011 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT)

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With introduction of smart grid concept, how to face up to the impacts of grid-connected renewable energy sources, especially like wind power on power systems becomes one of the most important issues in development of smart grid. This paper will discuss the potential challenges the smart grids will confront with respect to large wind generation intermittence and fluctuation from a technical point of view. The context will involve power system planning, reliability evaluation, voltage stability and frequency stability. Technical requirements and solutions in dealing with those challenges imposed by wind generation for future smart grids are also proposed.

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“…All these highlight the need for reliability research of wind turbines, since the reliability and maintainability of wind turbines are directly related to the availability and economical benefit of wind farms. [2][3][4] In the past decades, much effort has been devoted into the area of wind turbine reliability. Walford 5 analyzed the factors relevant to wind turbine reliability, and pointed out that poor reliability increased the operation and maintenance costs and decreased the availability of wind power system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation analysis for wind speed and failure rate of wind turbines using time series approach

Jin

2012

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy

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The correlation between wind speed and failure rate (FR) of wind turbines is analyzed with time series approach. The time series of power index (PI) and FR of wind turbines are established based on historical data, which are pretreated by singularity processing, stationarity processing, and wavelet de-noising. The trend variations of the time series are analyzed from both time domain and frequency domain by extracting the indicator functions, including auto-correlation function, cross-correlation function, and spectral density function. A case study is given out to verify the validity of the model and the method, which is based on the wind speed and failure data from January 1995 to December of 2002 in Nordjylland, Denmark. Auto-correlation function and spectral density function show that time series of PI and FR have strong seasonal characteristics and quite similar periodicity, while the cross-correlation function shows they keep high consistency and strong correlation. The results indicate that by calculating and monitoring PI, the failure rule of wind turbines can be forecast, which provides theoretical basis for preventive maintenance of wind turbines.

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Probabilistic Reliability Calculations for the Grid Connection of an Offshore Wind Farm

Cited by 18 publications

References 2 publications

Review of offshore cable reliability metrics

Review of offshore cable reliability metrics

Challenges of large wind generation intermittence and fluctuation for future smart grids

Correlation analysis for wind speed and failure rate of wind turbines using time series approach

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