Probiotics—Interactions with Bile Acids and Impact on Cholesterol Metabolism

Pavlović, Nebojša; Stankov, Karmen; Mikov, Momir

doi:10.1007/s12010-012-9904-4

Cited by 84 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…There are as yet no detailed in vivo studies of bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating bacteria apart from their effects on the bile acid pool. Much of the focus of BSH has been with regard to probiotic organisms and cholesterol-lowering effects of BSH [29] and BSH as a pathogenicity factor [30]. A new area of investigation, as highlighted in this review, is the effect of BSH activity on the size and composition of the bile acid pool and indeed how this affects the structure of the microbiome [19,20,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bile acids and the gut microbiome

Ridlon

Kang

Hylemon

et al. 2014

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

1,084

909

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Purpose of the review We examine the latest research on the emerging bile acid-gut microbiome axis and its role in health and disease. Our focus revolves around two key microbial pathways for degrading bile salts, and the impact of bile acid composition in the gut on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Recent findings Bile acid pool size has recently been shown to be a function of microbial metabolism of bile acids in the intestines. Recent studies have shown potential mechanisms explaining how perturbations in the microbiome affect bile acid pool size and composition. Bile acids are emerging as regulators of the gut microbiome at the highest taxomic levels. The role of bile acids as hormones and potentiators of liver cancer are also emerging. Summary The host and microbiome appear to regulate bile acid pool size. The host produces a large, conjugated hydrophilic bile acid pool, maintained through positive-feedback antagonism of FXR in intestine and liver. Members of the microbiome utilize bile acids and their conjugates resulting in agonism of FXR in intestine and liver resulting in a smaller, unconjugated hydrophobic bile acid pool. Hydrophilicity of the bile acid pool is associated with disease states. Reduced bile acid levels in the gut are associated with bacterial overgrowth and inflammation. Diet, antibiotic therapy, and disease states affect the balance of the microbiome-bile acid pool.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bile acids and the gut microbiome

Ridlon

Kang

Hylemon

et al. 2014

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

1,084

909

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“…The deconjugation of bile acids by bacterial BSH activity is considered a key probiotic cholesterol-lowering mechanism 22, 26, 41–44 and can increase faecal bile acid excretion in C57BL/6J mice 35, 45 by repressing the enterohepatic FXR-FGF15 axis 45 and increasing hepatic bile acid synthesis 35, 45 . In this study, we propose that reduced plasma cholesterol levels (Table 1) are the consequence of increased bile synthesis de novo by the host in response to probiotic-mediated bile acid deconjugation in the intestines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anti-cholesterolaemic effect of a consortium of probiotics: An acute study in C57BL/6J mice

Michael

Davies

Moss

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Hypercholesterolaemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and it has been found that some probiotic bacteria possess cholesterol-lowering capabilities. In this study, the ability of the Lab4 probiotic consortium to hydrolyse bile salts, assimilate cholesterol and regulate cholesterol transport by polarised Caco-2 enterocytes was demonstrated. Furthermore, in wild-type C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet, 2-weeks supplementation with Lab4 probiotic consortium plus Lactobacillus plantarum CUL66 resulted in significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol levels and suppression of diet-induced weight gain. No changes in plasma levels of very low-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, cytokines or bile acids were observed. Increased amounts of total and unconjugated bile acids in the faeces of the probiotic-fed mice, together with modulation of hepatic small heterodimer partner and cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase mRNA expression, implicates bile salt hydrolase activity as a potential mechanism of action. In summary, this study demonstrates the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of short-term feeding of the Lab4 probiotic consortium plus L. plantarum CUL66 in wild-type mice and supports further assessment in human trials.

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“…100,101 Metabolism of cholesterol, a precursor of bile acids, is mediated through gut microbes expressing the enzyme bile salt hydrolase (BSH). Probiotics with high BSH activity promote the deconjugation of bile acids in the gut to secondary amino acid conjugates.…”

Section: Application Of Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%