Procedures for leukocytes isolation from lymphoid tissues and consequences on immune endpoints used to evaluate fish immune status: A case study on roach (Rutilus rutilus)

Abstract

The effects of two protocols (density gradient versus hypotonic lysis) used for leukocyte isolation from three major lymphoid tissue of fish (head-kidney, spleen and blood) were examined on some cell functional activities (tissue leucocytes distributions, phagocytosis, basal and burst oxidative activities) classically used to estimate the fish immune status. Experiments were conducted on roach (Rutilus rutilus), a cyprinid fish model often studied in different eco-physiological contexts (aquaculture, ecotoxicology …). All of immune endpoints were assessed either immediately after cell isolation or after a 12 h of incubation in order to observe if a post-isolation incubation may influence the leukocytes activities. Compared to the density gradient, hypotonic lysis is associated with granulocytes enrichments of cell suspensions. This is particularly true for leukocyte suspensions isolated from head kidney where granulocytes are naturally abundant. However, important variabilities in leukocyte distributions were observed in head kidney and spleen cells samples obtained by the use of hypotonic lysis for two incubation conditions used (no incubation or 12 h of incubation at 4 °C). The density gradient protocol leads to a transitory increase in basal ROS production in spleen lymphocytes and macrophages The blood leukocytes isolated by this same method exhibit high basal oxidative activities after 12 h of incubation at 4 °C and for the three leukocyte types (lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes). The hypotonic lysis is associated with an increase in PMA-induced ROS production especially in head kidney leukocytes. The increases in cell oxidative activities are consistent with increases in granulocyte proportions observed in leukocyte suspensions obtained by hypotonic lysis. Finally, the two protocols have no effect on leukocyte mortality and phagocytic activity. Within limits of our experimental conditions, the spleen is the organ whose leukocyte oxidative activities (stimulated or not) are only slightly influenced by the methods used for leukocyte isolation. This is also the case for the anterior kidney, but for this tissue, it is necessary to incubate the isolated cells for 12 h at 4 °C before functional analyses. Each of the two methodologies used has advantages and disadvantages. The hypotonic lysis allows to isolate a greater variety of leukocytes types whereas the density gradient used ensures a better stability of cells distributions over time. However, for the same fish species and for the same tissue, the method used to isolate leukocytes influences results and must be taken into consideration during acquired data analysis for evaluation of fish immune status.

A Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling of Anterior Kidney Leukocytes From Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…Various mononuclear cell separation medium, mainly including Sepracell-MN (no longer manufactured), Percoll (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA), Histopaque ® -1077 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and Ficoll-Paque ® PREMIUM (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA), have been used to isolate the different cell types in teleost fish (26,55,56). Among these, continuous Percoll density gradients are used to isolate different types of immune cells (monocytes/macrophages, NCCs, and DCs) roughly (44,(57)(58)(59), but Histopaque ® -1077 and Ficoll-Paque ® PREMIUM are used to obtain the leukocytes (a mixture of various immune cells, but not referring to certain cells) (26,60). Leukocytes in Oncorliynchus mykiss AK tissues separated on Sepracell-MN have been demonstrated to contain 47% lymphocytes, 35% neutrophils, and 11% macrophages (55).…”

Seasonal simulated photoperiods influence melatonin release and immune markers of pike perch Sander lucioperca

“…Cells were fixed with a 0.5% formaldehyde and 0.2% sodium azide PBS fixating solution. The phagocytic activity (percentage of cells that have ingested three or more beads) was measured through cytometric analysis 78 .…”

Distinct response of immune gene expression in peripheral blood leucocytes modulated by bacterin vaccine candidates in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: A potential in vitro screening and batch testing system for vaccine development in aquaculture

“…head kidney and spleen), mucosal tissues (e.g. intestine and gills), as well as blood [22][23][24][25]. Blood is the only source of leucocytes that can be obtained easily in a non-lethal way and that allows multiple sampling of the same fish to investigate vaccine-mediated immune responses over time.…”