Procurement 4.0 and the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Abstract

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Potential of additive manufacturing for upstream automotive supply chains

“…This motivation has led to the introduction of a lesser-explored area of future supply chains known as Procurement 4.0, a digital extension of the Industry 4.0 concept. Procurement 4.0 is defined as the digital transformation of purchasing processes through the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) and internet-based automated decision-making systems to improve the added value for the customer and entire organisation (Nicoletti 2020).…”

“…The procurement process has experienced many successful transformations in the past several decades (Nicoletti 2020). The four main stages and the major innovative solutions determined in those periods are depicted in Figure 2.…”

Disruptive Technologies in Smart Cities: A Survey on Current Trends and Challenges

“…Table 2 presents a selection of IoT applications in smart city components. [10] Traffic management [11,41] E-government [43] Education [44] Entertainment [23] Air pollution [45] Infrastructure monitoring E-procurement [46] Healthcare [16] Noise monitoring [23] Efficient transportation planning [41,47] Utility management [23] Entrepreneurial opportunities [48] Emergency services [49] Waste management [50] Food and agriculture [51] Smart parking [52] Defense [18] Building management [53] Radiation and electromagnetic level [54] Quality of shipment conditions…”

“…Table 3 presents a selection of big data and AI applications in smart city components. Water quality [77,78] Smart lighting [5,79] Planning [70] Healthcare [16,80] Disaster prevention [70] Automating the data management process [81] Transport congestion [9] E-procurement [46] Entrepreneurial opportunities [48] Crowd monitoring [73,74] Air quality prediction [82] Complex statistical analyses [81] Smart parking [83] Public safety [73,74] Social comfort [57] Building management [84] Efficient energy [5,84,85] Perform repetitive tasks [9] Vehicle auto-diagnosis [9] Smart home [86] Waste management [50,72] According to Guevara et al [38], big data and IoT due to 5G technologies will gather more useful information for citizens. The automotive industry is an example of an industry with major benefits brought by the evolution of AI and IoT.…”

“…Table 4 presents a selection of blockchain applications in smart city components. Vehicles communication management [92] E-procurement/ Smart contracts [46,89] Personal data management [92] Air quality monitoring [93] Shipment tracking [92] Healthcare [22,92] Transportation planning [14,47] Agriculture [94] Traffic management [14] E-voting [89] Smart home [17,87] Transaction history management [92] Public safety [91] Smart grid energy [22,90] Blockchain technologies are just beginning but offer many opportunities for the development of smart cities due to their characteristics, such as decentralisation, audibility, immutability, and transparency. They are complementary to big data and AI technologies that alone cannot guarantee data quality due to threats such as hacking and human mistakes [88].…”