Production and chemical characterization of pigments in filamentous fungi

Effect of coloring pH and mordant on fungal dyes quality using woolen yarn

“…strain 3 dye added with mordant alum, and T. harzianum dye added with mordant alum or FeSO4.7H2O at dyeing pH of 3, 6, and 9, other fungal dyes at pH 6 and pH 9 produced more faded colors on woolen yarn than pH 3. Unless M. purpureus dye at dyeing pH 3, woolen yarn mordanted with FeSO4.7H2O at different dyeing pH (3,6, and 9) exhibited darker colors than mordanted with alum. Dyeing pH of 3, 6, and 9 applications can replace adding mordant alum (1.2 %) for A. terreus, Aspergillus sp.…”

“…The fungi can then be used as the source of natural dyes in various applications including textile dyeing [17]. Several studies of dyes produced by Aspergillus, M. purpureus, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, and Trichoderma reported that Aspergillus sydowii (CML2967), A. aureolatus (CML2964 and E.4.1), A. keveii (CML2968 and ONI75), Penicillium flavigenum (CML2965, E.2.7, and 3.1.a), and P. chermesinum (CML2966) produced yellow dyes [6], A. niger (NRC 95), Penicillium chrysogenum (NRC 74), P. italicum, P. oxalicum, and P. regulosum produced brown, deep brown, brown, faint reddish-brown, and brown dyes respectively [18]. Emericella (asexual morph: Aspergillus), M. purpureus, and Penicillium produced red, red, and reddish-brown dyes [1].…”

“…Dyeing: woolen yarn samples were treated with the different dyes of Aspergillus, M. purpureus, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, and T. harzianum at different dyeing pH (3,6, and 9) with a ratio of material to dye is 1:30. Dyeing process was carried out at 90 °C for 30 min and left overnight [15] with modification.…”

“…and Penicillium spp. [6], red dyes by Monascus [1] and Paecilomyces farinosus (Isaria farinosa) [7], and yellow dye by Trichoderma virens [8]. The mechanism of dyeing process is influenced by several things among others: dyes solubility, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, also the pH and concentration of dyes solution [9].…”

“…strain 3, and Penicillium sp. strain 4UHB dyes treated with mordant alum and without mordant at different dyeing pH (3,6, and 9) each produced the same color shade on woolen yarn (160 A greyed-yellow, 160 B greyed-yellow, and 160 B greyed-yellow, 18 C yellow-orange, 27 B orange and 27 B orange, 22 A yellow-orange, 22 C yelloworange and 20 D yellow-orange, 69 B red-purple, 69 C red-purple, and 69 D red-purple). At dyeing pH 3, Penicillium sp.…”