Production and Optimization of Fe (III) Specific Ligand, the Siderophore  of Soil Inhabiting and Wood Rotting Fungi as Deterrent to Plant Pathogens

Isotope-Assisted Screening for Iron-Containing Metabolites Reveals a High Degree of Diversity among Known and Unknown Siderophores Produced by Trichoderma spp

“…are able to grow under conditions of Fe depletion. We used a medium with neutral pH containing extra asparagine and zinc sulfate, because these conditions have been reported to be optimal for siderophore production (4,13,45). Chloramphenicol was added to the cultivation medium to prevent false-positive findings due to bacterial growth and thereby formation of bacterial siderophores.…”

“…It is an essential trace mineral required for a healthy diet by almost all organisms and is involved in electron transport in metabolic processes, such as respiration and photosynthesis (2). Despite its abundance in nature, the amount of bioavailable iron is limited, as atmospheric oxygen rapidly oxidizes iron to ferric oxyhydroxides (3) that are poorly soluble under neutral to alkaline pH (4). In the case of fungi, the minimum iron requirement for optimal growth was reported to be 10 Ϫ5 to 10 Ϫ7 M (corresponding to approximately 6 to 600 g/liter) (5).…”

“…lycopersici (12). Dutta et al (4) found that Botrydiplodia theobromae and Fusarium spp. produced only small amounts of siderophores compared to Trichoderma spp., indicating a more efficient way for Trichoderma to access the available iron.…”

Control of fusarium wilt of Solanum melongena by Trichoderma spp.

“…have been known to suppress many soil borne fungi including Fusarium spp. by variety of mechanisms, such as competition for nutrients, production of inhibitory volatiles and non-volatiles, mycoparasitism involving the production of hydrolytic enzymes (Bruce et al 1984, Desai and Schlosser 1999, Dhar et al 2006) and production of siderophores (Rane et al 2005, Dutta et al 2006. The present communication has been designed to screen the most effective Trichoderma species among the five isolates as concern the growth of the Fusarium solani, wilt pathogen of egg plant both under in vitro and field conditions.…”

“…In natural environment, microorganisms have to compete with others to acquire the iron with the aid of their siderophores and different species of Trichoderma and F. solani exhibited high siderophore production (Chakraborty 2005, Dutta et al 2006. One of the essential characteristics of Trichoderma spp.…”