Production, characterization and anticancer activity of <em>Candida bombicola</em> sophorolipids by means of solid state fermentation of sunflower oil cake and soybean oil

Abstract

SUMMARY:The production of sophorolipids by Candida bombicola NRRL Y-17069 grown in a mixture of sunflower oil cake and crude soybean oil as economic substrates with different fermentation techniques was studied. The highest yield (49.5 g·100 g −1 substrates) was obtained from solid state fermentation after employing a new concept for extraction by methanol (E I) followed by ethyl acetate (E II), then partially purified with hexane (E III). The course of time of fermentation was also studied, and E I extracted of the 12 th day showed the minimum surface tension (45 mN·m −1 ) at a critical micelle dilution (CMD) of 10% concentration. The produced sophorolipids were characterized and confirmed by FTIR and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The anticancer activity of the produced compounds was assessed against MCF-7, HepG2, A549, HCT116 cancer cell lines and the results revealed that E III and E IV (a mixture of E I & E III) act as promising anticancer agents in HepG2 and A549 by inhibiting urokinase and histone deacetylase activities. KEYWORDS: Anticancer activity; Candida bombicola; Solid state fermentation; Sophorolipids; Soybean oil; Sunflower oilcakeRESUMEN: Producción, caracterización y actividad anticancerígena de soforolípidos producidos mediante fermentación en estado sólido con Candida bombicola de tortas de girasol y aceite de soja. Se estudió la producción de soforolípidos por Candida bombicola NRRL Y-17069 cultiva con diferentes técnicas de fermentación en una mezcla de torta de girasol y aceite de soja crudo, como sustratos económicos. El rendimiento más alto (49,5 g·100 g −1 de sustrato) se obtuvo por fermentación en estado sólido después de extraer con metanol (IE) seguido de acetato de etilo (EII), y de purificación parcial con hexano (EIII). También se estudió el tiempo de fermentación, considerando que el extracto IE de 12 días mostró una tensión superficial mínima (45 mN·m −1 ) a una dilución micelar crítica (CMD) de concentración 10 %. Los soforolípidos producidos se caracterizaron y se confirmaron mediante espectroscopia FTIR y RMN de 1 H. La actividad anticancerígena de los compuestos producidos se evaluó en células MCF-7, HepG2, A549, líneas celulares de cáncer de HCT116 y los resultados revelaron que EIII y EIV (una mezcla de EI y EIII) actúan como prometedores agentes anticancerígenos en HepG2 y A549 inhibiendo las actividades de uroquinasa e histona desacetilasa.

Hypocholesterolemic impact of newly isolated sophorolipids produced by microbial conversion of safflower oil cake in rats fed high-fat and cholesterol diet

“…The re-extraction was made according to Rashad et al (2014a) by re-extracting the residual fermented substrates with 45 mL of ethyl acetate and shaking at 90 strokes·min −1 for 60 min with a reciprocal shaker, filtered by Whatman 40 filter paper to obtain the second ethyl acetate extract (EAE).…”

“…The crude SLs were isolated according to Rashad et al (2014a) by adding 45 ml of methanol to one volume of the fermented solid waste and the mixture was shaken at 90 strokes min −1 for 60 min with a reciprocal shaker (New Brunswick Scientific, USA). The crude extract was then filtered through Whatman no.…”

“…They are classified as bio-surfactants, and used in medicine for their antimicrobial, antiviral and potential anticancer activities. Different types of bio-surfactants have been reported, such as glycolipids, lipopeptides, polysaccharide-protein complexes, phospholipids, fatty acids and neutral lipids (Wang et al, 2007;Rashad et al, 2014a). This wide range in the chemical structure of different groups of bio-surfactants allowed them to be reasonable for exerting diverse properties and physiological functions.…”

“…They contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties, which are essential for the survival of the microorganisms by acting as biocide agents, facilitating microbe-host interactions or facilitating nutrient transporting (Van Hamme et al, 2006;Rashad et al, 2014a). Sophorolipids (SLs) are a sort of extracellular glycolipid biosurfactant and they are produced by yeasts such as Candida bombicola.…”

“…Plants constitute about 75% of the worldwide production of oils and fats (Haba et al, 2000); one of these wastes is safflower oil cake which is a residue from the pressed seeds after oil extraction. Previously sunflower oil cake has been employed for the production of bio-surfactants (Rashad et al, 2014a).…”