Production, Characterization, Delivery, and Cholesterol-Lowering Mechanism of Phytosterols: A Review

Zhang, Ruyi; Han, Yahong; McClements, David Julian; Xu, Duoxia; Chen, Shuai

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07390

Cited by 80 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Nanoparticles are a material with a particle size from 10 to 1000 nm [ 70 ]. Compared with other delivery systems, nanoparticles have many advantages [ 71 , 72 ], which are widely used in food, medicine, and other fields [ 73 , 74 , 75 ]. The nanoparticle technology in the functional food field mainly focuses on the delivery of active substances such as lutein, astaxanthin ester, and curcumin [ 76 ].…”

Section: Delivery Systems Of Dhamentioning

confidence: 99%

Docosahexaenoic Acid Delivery Systems, Bioavailability, Functionality, and Applications: A Review

2022

Foods

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), mainly found in microalgae and fish oil, is crucial for the growth and development of visual, neurological, and brain. In addition, DHA has been found to improve metabolic disorders associated with obesity and has anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-adipogenesis effects. However, DHA applications in food are often limited due to its low water solubility, instability, and poor bioavailability. Therefore, delivery systems have been developed to enhance the remainder of DHA activity and increase DHA homeostasis and bioavailability. This review focused on the different DHA delivery systems and the in vitro and in vivo digestive characteristics. The research progress on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, visual, neurological/brain, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, food applications, future trends, and the development potential of DHA delivery systems were also reviewed. DHA delivery systems could overcome the instability of DHA in gastrointestinal digestion, improve the bioavailability of DHA, and better play the role of its functionality.

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Section: Delivery Systems Of Dhamentioning

confidence: 99%

Docosahexaenoic Acid Delivery Systems, Bioavailability, Functionality, and Applications: A Review

2022

Foods

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“…FTIR spectrometry and circular dichroism spectroscopy were conducted to further determine the alteration in protein secondary structure for the qualitative analysis ( 49 ). Amide band, consisting of amide I, amide II, and amide III, is the characteristic band for studying protein structures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, G 0 <0 indicated that the combination of SPI and β-carotene was spontaneous (48), which re-supported the last speculation in section "Bonding mode analysis." Frontiers in Nutrition 08 frontiersin.org secondary structure for the qualitative analysis (49). Amide band, consisting of amide I, amide II, and amide III, is the characteristic band for studying protein structures.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Property Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the binding behavior and functional properties of soybean protein isolate and β-carotene

et al. 2022

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This study focused on the non-covalent interaction between soybean protein isolate (SPI) and β-carotene (BC). The conformational changes of SPI with β-carotene in varying proportions (BC/SPI: 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) were investigated by multi-spectroscopy and molecular docking. Results showed that the quenching mode is static quenching and binding affinity increased with temperature. The stoichiometry was 1:1, indicating there was only one binding site in SPI. The binding was based on entropy and primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions and its binding constant was in the order of 104 L⋅mol–1. The addition of the β-carotene affected the secondary structure of SPI resulting in an increase in α-Helix and a decrease in random coil and β-turn content, indicating protein aggregated and hydrophobic interactions occurred. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) verified that no new larger molecular weight substance was formed and no covalent interaction existed. Molecular docking corroborated that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions were both involved in the formation of complexes, where hydrophobic interaction was the dominant one. Moreover, β-carotene improved 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, foaming capacity, and emulsifying stability of SPI. These findings provide useful information about the interaction mechanism of SPI and β-carotene, which contributes to the further development and application of SPI products rich in β-carotene in the food industry.

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“…It has been estimated that 100-500 mg d −1 of phytosterol is consumed in different regions of the globe which is supplied from basic diet, functional food, nutrition supplements, and pharmaceutical products [37]. Phytosterols are produced mostly from plant extract such as vegetable oils, grains, and nuts [38]. Economical sources of phytosterol extraction have been under investigation from various sources including red and brown algae [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High phytosterol levels in corn cobs point to their sustainable use as a nutritional source

Bae

et al. 2022

Appl Biol Chem

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Phytosterols are important structural components of plant cells that affect membrane fluidity, permeability, and membrane-related metabolic regulation. These compounds, which are abundant in vegetable oils and corn kernel oil, are also beneficial for human health. Cultivation of corn (Zea mays L.) produces huge amounts of cobs as a by-product, but efforts to utilize cobs are still limited. Here, we investigated phytosterol, crude oil, and fatty acid contents in the kernels and cobs of four major corn cultivars in South Korea and explored the potential use of cobs as a source of phytosterols. Total phytosterol levels were two times higher in cobs (68.0–217.1 mg 100 g−1 DW) than in kernels (43.8–89.5 mg 100 g−1 DW) and were highest in the kernels and cobs of Sinhwangok at 60 days after pollination. We showed that not only kernels but also cobs can be a rich source of phytosterols. The results also revealed that the amount of phytosterol is depending on a genetic background as well as developmental stages suggesting further investigation would enhance the utilization of corn cobs as a phytosterol source.

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Production, Characterization, Delivery, and Cholesterol-Lowering Mechanism of Phytosterols: A Review

Cited by 80 publications

References 120 publications

Docosahexaenoic Acid Delivery Systems, Bioavailability, Functionality, and Applications: A Review

Docosahexaenoic Acid Delivery Systems, Bioavailability, Functionality, and Applications: A Review

Study on the binding behavior and functional properties of soybean protein isolate and β-carotene

High phytosterol levels in corn cobs point to their sustainable use as a nutritional source

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