Production Ganoderma lucidum extract nanoparticles by expansion of supercritical fluid solution and evaluation of the antioxidant ability

Abstract

Due to the growing human tendency to treat with natural substances, fungi such as Ganoderma lucidum can be a good source to meet this need. Effectiveness, ease of use and a rich source of active ingredients such as ganoderic acids have caused G. lucidum to be considered in the pharmaceutical and food industries. In this project, G. lucidum was applied to extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide. Then expansion of supercritical fluid solution (ESS) was used as, novel, repeatable and green method to yield nanoparticles from G.lucidum extract. The response surface method was used to improve the Extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and improving the nanoparticles production status. Optimal conditions were observed at the extraction step by setting pressure at 27.5 MPa, dynamic time of 46 min, and modifier volume of 162 μL. The optimum point for the production of nanoparticles was obtained as follows: pressure drop at 25 MPa, 20 min for collection time, and 40° C for temperature. Under these conditions, the size and count were 86.13 nm, and 98, respectively. Nanoparticles were analyzed by FESM and, the DPPH was used for antioxidant activity evaluation. The LC–MS identified various ganoderic acids from G.lucidum that are famous to be highly oxygenated triterpenoids.

A Review of the Application of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. In Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Cancer

“…By immobilizing the mushroom extract or its bioactive compounds into nanomaterials, it is possible to create biosensors capable of detecting specific targets, such as biomarkers or pollutants, with high sensitivity, and selectivity [69]. It's worth noting that the research, and development of GL in nanotechnology are still in their early stages, and further studies are needed to explore the full potential of this mushroom in various nanotechnological applications.…”

“…G. lucidum polymeric micelles (PMs) refer to micellar structures formed by self-assembly of polymers derived from G. lucidum or incorporating extracts/components from the mushroom [69]. PMs are nanoscale assemblies composed of amphiphilic block copolymers, where one block is hydrophilic, and the other is hydrophobic [79].…”

“…Polymer selection: Suitable polymers derived from G. lucidum or incorporating extracts/components from the mushroom are chosen. These polymers should possess amphiphilic properties, with one segment being hydrophilic, and the other hydrophobic [69,79].…”

Ganoderma lucidum: Insight into antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with development of secondary metabolites

“…There are more than 100 products on the market that contain reishi [ 24 ]. G. lucidum efficacy has been proven in a wide range of ailments that include anticancer [ 25 , 26 ], antioxidant [ 27 ], antidiabetic [ 28 ], antihyperlipidemic [ 29 , 30 ], antimutagenic [ 31 ], anti-aging [ 32 ], antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal) [ 33 , 34 ], hepatoprotective [ 35 , 36 ], anti-hyperpigmentation [ 1 ], cardioprotective [ 37 ], pro-apoptotic [ 38 ], anti-androgenic [ 39 ], anti-allergic [ 40 ], antinociceptive [ 41 ] and improve physical frailty [ 42 ]. Review articles on G. lucidum antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are written to deliver a comprehensive analysis of the current scientific literature related to the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of G. lucidum and evaluate the available evidence to determine the potential properties and its recent advances in the development of secondary metabolites.…”

Effect of pH of Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles

“…Although there have been several works that used G. lucidum or other Ganoderma species extracts for the synthesis of colloidal AgNPs [28,31,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42], these results differ from each other a lot in terms of the NP size obtained, their optical and other properties, even for the same species, G. lucidum. The effect of pH of the extract was studied only in two works which show different results [34,35].…”