Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Microalgae Using Microwave: Kinetic of Transesterification Reaction Using CaO Catalyst

Abstract

Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel made from renewable sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats, is becoming prominent among alternatives to conventional petro-diesel due to economic, environmental and social factors. Transesterification is the most preferred method of biodiesel production. Knowledge of transesterification reaction kinetic enables prediction of the extent of the chemical reaction at any time under particular conditions. It is also essential in the design of reactors for biodiesel production in industrial scale, determination of kinetic model and optimization of operation conditions. In this study, a mathematical model for the microwave assisted trans-esterification reaction of microalgae and methanol has been developed to study the effect of the operating parameters on the process kinetics. A well-mixed microwave reactor was used to express the laboratory scale microwave reactor at stirring speed 500 rpm. Mass transfer controlled state was assumed to be minimal using the stirring condition. The model developed was based on experimental data described in a previous study. The experimental works were designed to study the effect of reaction time between 1-5 min; power of microwave of 100-400 W, and an amount of CaO catalyst of 1 and 3%. The use of a solid catalyst effectively reduces the purification cost of biodiesel due to ease of separation and potential for reuse. The molar ratio of microalgae oil and methanol was constant at the ratio of 1: 6. The validation of model indicated that the reaction have second order reaction in terms of triglycerides. A very good correlation between model and experiment data was observed by correlation coefficient (R 2) and least square curve fit. In addition, the experiment shows that the best conditions for reaction time were 5 min, power of microwave was 400 W and amount of CaO catalyst was 3%. The maximum yield of biodiesel in the best conditions was 93.23%.

Biodiesel and Crude Glycerol from Waste Frying Oil: Production, Characterization and Evaluation of Biodiesel Oxidative Stability with Diesel Blends

“…Moreover, they are less sensitive to moisture and, in particular, are not affected by the acidity of the oil [29,30]. In the transesterification reaction, triglycerides are converted, stepwise, to diglyceride, monoglyceride, and finally glycerol, which sinks to the bottom [31]. In addition, biodiesel that floats on top of the glycerol is an important byproduct and can be burned for heat or used as a feedstock in the cosmetic industry [32][33][34].…”

Analysis of Glycerol in Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) Kernel Extract (NKE) with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Method

“…In transesterification, glycerol sinks at the bottom into a separated mixture. In addition, biodiesel, which dissolves on top of the glycerol, is an important by-product essential for cosmetic processes [12], [13].…”