Programmable shunt valve affected by exposure to a tablet computer

Strahle, Jennifer; Selzer, Béla J; Muraszko, Karin M.; Garton, Hugh; Maher, Cormac O.

doi:10.3171/2012.3.peds1211

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Environmental magnetic fields such as those imparted by magnetic resonance imaging, household toys, and electronics are capable of altering settings of magnetically programmable shunt valves [1,2,3,4]. We show here, for the first time, that changes in magnetically programmable shunt valve settings in 2 different valve types are possible after exposure to amusement park rides with elevated vertical G forces, irrespective of the presence of LIMs or magnetic brakes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…As a result, these valves are susceptible to magnetic forces such as those encountered with magnetic resonance imaging and, to a lesser extent, magnetic forces from objects in the environment such as magnetic toys and electronics [1,2,3,4]. Magnets associated with newer rollercoaster rides include linear induction motors (LIMs) and magnetic brakes, and it is unknown whether the associated magnetic force is capable of changing the shunt valve settings of a passenger on a rollercoaster.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Amusement Park Rides on Programmable Shunt Valve Settings

et al. 2013

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Background: Magnetically programmable shunt valves are susceptible to environmental factors including magnetic fields and accelerative forces. It is unknown if rollercoasters with or without magnetic brakes or linear induction motors (LIMs) are capable of altering the setting of a programmable shunt valve. Methods: Two different valve types (type A, n = 10; type B, n = 9) were tested at varying resistance settings in 2 trials on 6 different amusement park rides including 2 rides with LIMs, 2 rides with magnetic brakes, and 2 rides without magnetic technology. Results: The performance level of valve type A and the setting of valve type B changed on rollercoasters with magnets (A = 2.5% [2/80]; B = 5.6% [4/72]) and without magnets (A = 7.5% [3/40]; B = 2.8% [1/36]). Neither valve setting changed when exposed to a Ferris wheel or during ambulation throughout the park. Conclusion: Magnetically programmable valves are susceptible to changes in pressure settings when exposed to amusement park rides with elevated vertical gravitational forces, irrespective of the presence of LIMs or magnetic brakes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Amusement Park Rides on Programmable Shunt Valve Settings

et al. 2013

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“…2,4,8,9 In a recent study, the maximum gauss level produced by an iPad was 170 G, which is less than the maximum gauss level found in any of our headphones. 7 Given that the magnetic field from a headphone is much closer to the valve, there is cause for concern regarding headphones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmable shunts and headphones: Are they safe together?

Spader

Ratanaprasatporn

Morrison

et al. 2015

PED

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OBJECT Programmable shunts have a valuable role in the treatment of patients with hydrocephalus, but because a magnet is used to change valve settings, interactions with external magnets may reprogram these shunts. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of magnetic toys and iPads to erroneously reprogram shunts. Headphones are even more ubiquitous, and they contain an electromagnet for sound projection that sits on the head very close to the shunt valve. This study is the first to look at the magnetic field emissions of headphones and their effect on reprogrammable shunt valves to ascertain whether headphones are safe for patients with these shunts to wear. METHODS In this in vitro study of the magnetic properties of headphones and their interactions with 3 different programmable shunts, the authors evaluated Apple earbuds, Beats by Dr. Dre, and Bose QuietComfort Acoustic Noise Cancelling headphones. Each headphone was tested for electromagnetic field emissions using a direct current gaussmeter. The following valves were evaluated: Codman Hakim programmable valve, Medtronic Strata II valve, and Aesculap proGAV. Each valve was tested at distances of 0 to 50 mm (in 5-mm increments) from each headphone. The exposure time at each distance was 1 minute, and 3 trials were performed to confirm results at each valve setting and distance. RESULTS All 3 headphones generated magnetic fields greater than the respective shunt manufacturer's recommended strength of exposure, but these fields did not persist beyond 5 mm. By 2 cm, the fields levels were below 20 G, well below the Medtronic recommendation of 90 G and the Codman recommendation of 80 G. Because the mechanism for the proGAV is different, there is no recommended gauss level. There was no change in gauss-level emissions by the headphones with changes in frequency and amplitude. Both the Strata and Codman-Hakim valves were reprogrammed by direct contact (distance 0 mm) with the Bose headphones. When a rotation component was added, all 3 headphones reprogrammed the Strata and Codman-Hakim valves at 0 mm. At all distances above 0 mm, the headphones did not affect the shunts. The proGAV valve was not affected by headphones at any distance. CONCLUSIONS Although all the headphones studied generated significant gauss fields at distances less than 5 mm, the programmable valve settings only changed at a distance of 0 mm (i.e., with direct contact). Given the subcutaneous location of the valve, the authors conclude that is highly unlikely that commercially available or customary headphones can contribute to the reprogramming of shunts.

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“…This has been investigated in the setting of magnetic toys, magnetic tablet covers, cell phones, televisions, amusement park rides, and head phones. 2,[5][6][7][8][9]11 Factors that have been implicated in the effect of magnetic fields on programmable shunt valves in-clude distance to valve, field strength, and rotational component of the magnetic field in relation to the valve.…”

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confidence: 99%

Programmable shunt valve interactions with osseointegrated hearing devices

Pierson

Wehrmann

Albers

et al. 2017

PED

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OBJECTIVE Patients with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts with programmable valves who would benefit from osseointegrated hearing devices (OIHDs) represent a unique population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnetic field strengths of 4 OIHDs and their interactions with 5 programmable VP shunt valves. METHODS Magnetic field strength was measured as a function of distance for each hearing device (Cochlear Baha 5, Cochlear Baha BP110, Oticon Ponto Plus Power, and Medtronic Sophono) in the following modes: inactive, active in quiet, and active in 60 decibels of background noise in the sound booth. The hearing devices were introduced to each shunt valve (Aesculap proGAV, Aesculap proGAV 2.0, Codman Hakim, Codman Certas, and Medtronic Strata II) also as a function of distance in these identical 3 settings. Each trial was repeated 5 times. Between each trial, the valves were assessed for a change in setting. Finally, using a skull model, the devices were introduced to each other in standard anatomical locations and the valves were assessed for a change in settings. RESULTS The maximum magnetic field strengths generated by the Cochlear Baha 5, BP110, and Oticon OIHDs were 1.1, 36.2, and 48.7 gauss (G), respectively. The maximum strength generated by the Sophono device was > 800 G. The magnetic field strength of the hearing devices decreased markedly with increasing distance from the device. The strength of the Sophono's magnetic attachment decreased to 34.8 G at 5 mm. The Codman Hakim, Codman Certas, and Medtronic Strata II valve settings changed when rotating the valves next to the Sophono abutment. No other changes in valve settings occurred in the distance or anatomical models for any other trials. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study evaluating the interaction between OIHDs and programmable VP shunt valves. The findings suggest that it is safe to use these devices together without having to switch to a nonprogrammable valve or move the shunt valve to a more distant location. Still, care should be taken if the Sophono device is used to ensure that the valve is ≥ 5 mm away from the magnetic attachment.

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Programmable shunt valve affected by exposure to a tablet computer

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Effect of Amusement Park Rides on Programmable Shunt Valve Settings

Effect of Amusement Park Rides on Programmable Shunt Valve Settings

Programmable shunts and headphones: Are they safe together?

Programmable shunt valve interactions with osseointegrated hearing devices

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