Progress and Prospects on Vaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

In December 2019, the outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a serious pandemic in China and other countries worldwide. So far, more than 460,000 confirmed cases were diagnosed in nearly 190 countries, causing globally over 20,000 deaths. Currently, the epidemic is still spreading and there is no effective means to prevent the infection. Vaccines are proved to be the most effective and economical means to prevent and control infectious diseases. Several countries, companies, and institutions announced their programs and progress on vaccine development against the virus. While most of the vaccines are under design and preparation, there are some that have entered efficacy evaluation in animals and initial clinical trials. This review mainly focused on the progress and our prospects on field of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2.

Autophagy in T cells from aged donors is maintained by spermidine, and correlates with function and vaccine responses

“…The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a great threat to world-wide public health in 2020 with the majority of deaths occurring in older adults. The development of effective treatments and vaccines against is now more than ever becoming a pressing and urgent challenge to overcome 1,2 .…”

In Silico Trial to test COVID-19 candidate vaccines: a case study with UISS platform

“…Currently, there are at least 42 vaccine candidates around the world under development and evaluation at different stages against COVID-19 [14], also accordingly from what reported by WHO through its continuously undergoing landscapes documents concerning the COVID-19 candidate vaccines. These promising vaccine candidates deal with several vaccine technologies based on recombinant protein subunits [15], nucleic acids [16], non-replicating and replicating viral vectors [17], [18], protein constructs [19], virus-like particles [20], liveattenuated virus strains [21], inactivated virus [14], or human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) [22].…”

Potential of live pathogen vaccines for defeating the COVID‐19 pandemic: History and mechanism

“…1 Multiple types of vaccines are under urgent development, and some of them have entered clinical trials. [2][3][4][5][6][7] Because no vaccine against coronavirus has been widely used in humans, experiences are scanty regarding the safety and efficacy of vaccination against COVID-19. Moreover, development of vaccines against SARS CoV, which caused a deadly outbreak in the 2000s, encountered much difficulty.…”

“…Moreover, development of vaccines against SARS CoV, which caused a deadly outbreak in the 2000s, encountered much difficulty. [3][4][5][6][7] The difficulty has also manifested in research of coronavirus vaccines in veterinary medicine. 8 First, coronaviruses can escape the immunity induced by inactivated vaccines or recombinant protein vaccines through rapid evolution.…”

“…5 Vaccination enhancement has been observed in the research of SARS vaccines and may be a pitfall in the development of COVID-19 vaccines. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Due to the difficulty in vaccine development, it is possible that no safe and effective vaccines shall be marketed before 2022 when the pandemic shall likely end worldwide, although various vaccines against COVID-19 are under development with unprecedented rapidity. 3,10 This possibility puts the whole world in a terrible crisis, and most countries have to maintain the blocking-and-curing strategy for months, which is too costly with too many deaths, too much uncertainty, and too extensive chaos.…”