Progress in Water Purification

Filtration

“…Contraction of the bed and pulling away of the sand from the walls Operating difficulties. Difficulties in the operation of rapid sand filters are of two kinds: [1] failure of mechanical equipment and controls installed to regulate the flow of water, and [2] failure of the filter bed itself.…”

“…George W. Fuller (1) divided the development of modern water purification into four periods: a. Early beginnings (1869)(1870)(1871)(1872)(1873)(1874)(1875)(1876)(1877)(1878)(1879)(1880)(1881)(1882)(1883)(1884)(1885)(1886) b.…”

Experiences in Filtration

“…The effect of the rate of filtration on the length of filter run may be expressed by the equation H hours filter runs. K 1 constant, depending on the clogging tendency of the water. B rate of filtration in gallons per square foot per minute.…”

“…Fuller (1) stated that little progress was made in the filtration of water in America before publication of the Kirkwood Report in 1869. For a quarter of a century this report was the leading guide on filtration practice through the description it gave of filtration plants in Europe.…”

“…Fuller divided the period following the Kirkwood report into four periods. (1) The early beginning, from 1869 to 1886;…”