Progress of new label-free techniques for biosensors: a review

Abstract

The detection techniques used in biosensors can be broadly classified into label-based and label-free. Label-based detection relies on the specific properties of labels for detecting a particular target. In contrast, label-free detection is suitable for the target molecules that are not labeled or the screening of analytes which are not easy to tag. Also, more types of label-free biosensors have emerged with developments in biotechnology. The latest developed techniques in label-free biosensors, such as field-effect transistors-based biosensors including carbon nanotube field-effect transistor biosensors, graphene field-effect transistor biosensors and silicon nanowire field-effect transistor biosensors, magnetoelastic biosensors, optical-based biosensors, surface stress-based biosensors and other type of biosensors based on the nanotechnology are discussed. The sensing principles, configurations, sensing performance, applications, advantages and restriction of different label-free based biosensors are considered and discussed in this review. Most concepts included in this survey could certainly be applied to the development of this kind of biosensor in the future.

Recent Advances and Applications of Biosensors in Novel Technology

“…In another study, Tang et al demonstrated antigen-antibody interaction via GOD conjugated hollow gold-silver microspheres (AuAgHSs) further coupled using Prussian blue NPs (an artificial catalase), on a graphene-based immunosensor [117]. Pesticidal study [96] Hba1c biosensor Determining glycated hemoglobin [97] Piezoelectric biosensors Detecting carbamate and organophosphate [98] Uric acid biosensors Diagnosis of various clinical abnormalities or illness (e.g., diagnosis of cardiovascular disease) [99,100] Glucose oxidase electrode biosensors Measuring of glucose in biological sample of diabetic patient [101] Quartz-crystal biosensors Detection of proteins at ultrahigh-sensitive level in liquids [102] Optical Polyacrylamide based hydrogel biosensors Immobilization of biomolecules [30] Silicon biosensor For biosensing, bioimaging, and in cancer therapy [103,104] Microfabricated biosensor In novel drug delivery (e.g., in optical corrections) [105] Fluorescence tagged/Genetically encoded biosensor Investigation of various biological process and molecular systems in the cell [27,[106][107][108] Electrochemical or optical Nanomaterials biosensors For diagnosis and in drug delivery [32,93,[109][110][111][112][113][114] …”

Biosensors and bioelectronics on smartphone for portable biochemical detection

“…They provided powerful detecting and analyzing tools as alternatives of conventional chemical and physical sensors. Currently, much work has focused on miniaturization of biosensor and bioelectronic devices, such as micro-fabricated transducers and compact readout instruments, to achieve real-time, point-of-care, and easy-to-use detections for analytes, especially for clinic and environmental samples Tokel et al, 2014;Sang et al, 2015).…”

Electronic Biosensors Based on III-Nitride Semiconductors

“…Different types of biosensors covering all facets of analytical chemistry, material science, and device engineering have been proposed in the literature. Most sensors can be classified as either optical or electronic (2,3). A typical optical biosensor will detect a biomolecule or cell by measuring the interaction of light with the target (4).…”