Progress on innate immune evasion and live attenuated vaccine of pseudorabies virus

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly infectious disease that can infect most mammals, with pigs as the only natural host, has caused considerable economic losses to the pig husbandry of the world. Innate immunity is the first defense line of the host against the attack of pathogens and is essential for the proper establishment of adaptive immunity. The host uses the innate immune response to against the invasion of PRV; however PRV makes use of various strategies to inhibit the innate immunity to promote the virus replication. Currently, live attenuated vaccine is used to prevent pig from infection with the PRV worldwide, such as Bartha K61. However, a growing number of data indicates that these vaccines do not provide complete protection against new PRV variants that have emerged since late 2011. Here we summarized the interactions between PRV and host innate immunity and the current status of live attenuated PRV vaccines to promote the development of novel and more effective PRV vaccines.

Host cellular factors involved in pseudorabies virus attachment and entry: a mini review

“…However, several questions require clarification: (1) Further investigations should be performed to confirm the antiviral activities of these cellular factors against PRV in vivo. (2) It has been reported that PRV tegument proteins and glycoproteins can suppress the innate immune responses induced by virus infection ( 45 ). Such as PRV UL24, which can directly inhibit the transcription of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (e.g., OASL and ISG20 genes) ( 46 ).…”

Alginate di-aldehyde-modified metal–organic framework nanocarriers as delivery platform and adjuvant in inactivated pseudorabies vaccination

“…8,9 Therefore, it is still a major challenge for veterinary immunology to formulate novel PRV vaccines that are both efficient and affordable. 10 Compared to live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated PRV vaccinations, as is known, are safe and noncontagious. However, their poor immunogenicity leads to unsatisfactory innate and adaptive immune responses for combating the PRV pandemic.…”

Therapeutic and immune-regulation effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi polysaccharide on pseudorabies in piglets

“…Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is extremely infectious in mammals and poses a risk of spill-over transmission to humans ( 1 ) and considerable public health challenges. PRV can inhibit host innate immunity and promote viral replication ( 2 ). Thus, focusing more on immunity regularity is important for investigating the effect of PRV.…”