Progress on Sustainable Development Goal indicators in 707 districts of India: a quantitative mid-line assessment using the National Family Health Surveys, 2016 and 2021

Subramanian, S. V.; Ambade, Mayanka; Kumar, Akhil; Chi, Hyejun; Joe, William; Rajpal, Sunil; Kim, Rockli

doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100155

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It might be too early to make conclusive comment on the success or the failure of ADP. Using NFHS 4 and 5 data, Subramanian et al (2023) 36 assessed the progress of Indian districts in terms of achievement of 33 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators by 2030. Their findings suggest no clear pattern that AD's are more likely to meet the SDG targets compared to other districts though they admit the possibility of Covid-19 related disruptions during the intervening survey periods could have influenced the outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Impact Evaluation of Aspirational Districts Program in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey

Agarwal,

Mishra

2023

Preprint

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Background: Aspirational Districts (ADs) initiative was launched by Government of India in 2018 with the objective of reducing inter-district economic and social inequalities with health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water resources, financial inclusion and skill development and infrastructure as the focus areas for development. 117 most backward districts across the country were identified as aspirational districts (ADs) which received priority in funding and scheme implementation so that these districts can catch up with the rest of the districts. We conduct an impact evaluation of the AD initiative on the health and nutrition outcomes. Methods: The research employed a quasi-experimental approach, utilizing the difference-in-differences (DID) method and another method that combined propensity score matching with DID. Findings: The research found a positive impact of the AD program on maternal health through an increase in the percentage of home births attended by Skilled Birth Attendants (SBA) in the Aspirational Districts (ADs) by on an average 1.26% in the ADs. In addition, with respect to family planning an increase of 0.44% was found in percent of male sterilization. Additionally, weak evidence suggests a 3% improvement in ADs for immunization against the first dose of measles vaccine and three doses of penta or hepatitis B vaccine was observed. No strong evidence of adverse impacts of the AD initiative exist. Interpretation The Aspirational District (AD) initiative, a flagship program of the Indian government, aims to address inter-district economic and social inequalities. Our research evaluated the impact of AD on health and nutrition outcomes. Using PSM-DID, we found significant improvements in home births attended by skilled birth attendants and an increase in percentage of male sterilization in ADs. No strong evidence of any adverse impact of AD was observed. Covid-19 pandemic and inter-sector competition for resources within a district might have undermined the performance of ADs on health and nutrition outcomes. Future research efforts should be put for a holistic impact evaluation of all the targeted sectors and outcomes of the AD initiative. Funding: None Keywords: Aspirational Districts Programme, Inequality, Difference-in-differences (DID), Propensity score matching (PSM) PSM-DID, Full matching method, Average Treatment Effect in Treated (ATT), National Family Health Survey

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Impact Evaluation of Aspirational Districts Program in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey

Agarwal,

Mishra

2023

Preprint

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“…India needs to work with 19 out of the 33 SDG indicators but only 75% of the targets achieved by 2021. The states Madhya Pradesh (MP), Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, and Odisha have not achieved the target in cent percent, [58,59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The etymology of Gender Violence (SDG-5) in Anthropocene: India

Mishra

2023

JALSI

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Gender equality measures the human right of a nation. Feminist encounters are common in modern society and gender inequality is mounting in India during the present Anthropocene epoch (1950 onwards). Gender-based violence (GBV) has a myriad of adverse effects but is under-reported in India. The Paris Protocols of Agenda-2030 stipulate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for all sex and age groups of Hom sapiens. The present investigation emphasizes the theoretical perceptions and statistical approaches to comprehending GBVs (SDG-5) in India. The present work involves the qualitative investigation of the frequency, physical appearance, and socio-demographic factors that correlate with gender equality and girl-child empowerment (SDG-5) during the Anthropocene epoch and finding means for both social and legal achievement. Feministic violence is mainly grounded upon childhood marriage, humane trafficking, female genital mutilation, etc. Achieving gender equality, and empowering all girls under hunger, war, climate challenges (CC), men dominance, and environmental exploitation, during the Anthropocene epoch. India has recently ranked top in population than China. The pandemic COVID 19 has challenged the life/livelihood of Indians. Peculiar results of women and girl child atrocities are unexpectedly high in states like Assam, Odisha, and Delhi. During the last decade, the dowery and rapes reduced but intimate partner violence and kidnapping are mounting during biological disasters. The transformation of males' outlook toward their partners must be changed to achieve the SDG-5 goals.

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“…We used a published method to estimate progress toward the SDG targets for each state and UT. 24 This method assumes that the SAC between 2016 and 2021 is maintained until 2030 and classifies each state and UT into 1 of 4 categories for each outcome: achieved-I (goal already met in 2021 and will continue to be met in 2030), achieved-II (goal already met in 2021 but will no longer maintain status by 2030), on-target (goal not met in 2021 but will be met by 2030), and off-target (goal not met in 2021 and will not be met by 2030). The SDG only sets targets for NMR (12 deaths per 1000 live births) and under-5 mortality rate (25 deaths per 1000 live births).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-Neonatal, Late-Neonatal, Postneonatal, and Child Mortality Rates Across India, 1993-2021

Subramanian,

Kumar,

Pullum

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceThe global success of the child survival agenda depends on how rapidly mortality at early ages after birth declines in India, and changes need to be monitored to evaluate the status.ObjectiveTo understand the disaggregated patterns of decrease in early-life mortality across states and union territories (UTs) of India.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRepeated cross-sectional data from the 5 rounds of the National Family Health Survey conducted in 1992-1993, 1998-1999, 2005-2006, 2015-2016, and 2019-2021 were used in a representative population-based study. The study was based on data of children born in the past 5 years with complete information on date of birth and age at death. The analysis was conducted in February 2024.ExposureTime and geographic units.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMortality rates were computed for 4 early-life periods: early-neonatal (first 7 days), late-neonatal (8-28 days), postneonatal (29 days to 11 months), and child (12-59 months). For early and late neonatal periods, the rates are expressed as deaths per 1000 live births, for postneonatal, as deaths per 1000 children aged at least 29 days and for child, deaths per 1000 children aged at least 1 year. These are collectively mentioned as deaths per 1000 for all mortalities. The relative burden of each of the age-specific mortalities to total mortality in children younger than 5 years was also computed.ResultsThe final analytical sample included 33 667 (1993), 29 549 (1999), 23 020 (2006), 82 294 (2016), and 64 242 (2021) children who died before their fifth birthday in the past 5 years of each survey. Mortality rates were lowest for the late-neonatal and child periods; early-neonatal was the highest in 2021. Child mortality experienced the most substantial decrease between 1993 and 2021, from 33.5 to 6.9 deaths per 1000, accompanied by a substantial reduction in interstate inequalities. While early-neonatal (from 33.5 to 20.3 deaths per 1000), late-neonatal (from 14.1 to 4.1 deaths per 1000), and postneonatal (from 31.0 to 10.8 deaths per 1000) mortality also decreased, interstate inequalities remained notable. The mortality burden shifted over time and is now concentrated during the early-neonatal (48.3% of total deaths in children younger than 5 years) and postneonatal (25.6%) periods. A stagnation or worsening for certain states and UTs was observed from 2016 to 2021 for early-neonatal, late-neonatal, and postneonatal mortality. If this pattern continues, these states and UTs will not meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal targets related to child survival.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this repeated cross-sectional study of 5 time periods, the decrease in mortality during early-neonatal and postneonatal phases of mortality was relatively slower, with notable variations across states and UTs. The findings suggest that policies pertaining to early-neonatal and postneonatal mortalities need to be prioritized and targeting of policies and interventions needs to be context-specific.

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Progress on Sustainable Development Goal indicators in 707 districts of India: a quantitative mid-line assessment using the National Family Health Surveys, 2016 and 2021

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Health Impact Evaluation of Aspirational Districts Program in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey

Health Impact Evaluation of Aspirational Districts Program in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey

The etymology of Gender Violence (SDG-5) in Anthropocene: India

Early-Neonatal, Late-Neonatal, Postneonatal, and Child Mortality Rates Across India, 1993-2021

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