Progress on the influence of non-enzymatic electrodes characteristics on the response to glucose detection: a review (2016–2022)

Abstract

Glucose sensing devices have experienced significant progress in the last years in response to the demand for cost-effective monitoring. Thus, research efforts have been focused on achieving reliable, selective, and sensitive sensors able to monitor the glucose level in different biofluids. The development of enzyme-based devices is challenged by poor stability, time-consuming, and complex purification procedures, facts that have given rise to the synthesis of enzyme-free sensors. Recent advances focus on the use of different components: metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon nanomaterials, or metal oxides. Motivated by this topic, several reviews have been published addressing the sensor materials and synthesis methods, gathering relevant information for the development of new nanostructures. However, the abundant information has not concluded yet in commercial devices and is not useful from an engineering point of view. The dependence of the electrode response on its physico-chemical nature, which would determine the selection and optimization of the materials and synthesis method, remains an open question. Thus, this review aims to critically analyze from an engineering vision the existing information on non-enzymatic glucose electrodes; the analysis is performed linking the response in terms of sensitivity when interferences are present, stability, and response under physiological conditions to the electrode characteristics.

Cu/Cu2O/C nanoparticles and MXene based composite for non-enzymatic glucose sensors

“…In six nutrients, carbohydrates are assimilated into the body via food and drinks. It breaks down into glucose, and serves as 4 Authors have equally contributed to this work. * Authors to whom any correspondence should be addressed.…”

“…But this sensor relies on enzymes, which are sensitive to environmental conditions, leading to issues with sensor stability. Hence, the research is focused on the development of enzyme-free glucose sensors with different nanomaterials such as metal, metal oxides, graphene or other two-dimensional (2D) materials, Metal organic framework (MOF), and it composites [2][3][4][5]. MOF are produced by the coordination of metal ions with organic ligands in the form of porous network.…”

Optimized Copper-Based Microfeathers for Glucose Detection

“…In this context, the electrochemical field for developing glucose sensors has experienced continuous growth throughout the 21st century. In recent years, several reviews have compiled the latest advancements [5][6][7][8][9]. The former is a single-use system which involves several fingers pricks during the day, thereby annoying patients and making it difficult to continuously monitor glucose levels [10].…”