Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2020–April 2022

Rachlin, Audrey; Patel, Jaymin C.; Burns, Cara C.; Jorba, Jaume; Tallis, Graham; O'Leary, Aidan; Wassilak, Steven G.F.; Vertefeuille, John

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7119a2

Cited by 47 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The resurgence of WPV1 cases in 2022 and the isolation of WPV1 from environmental surveillance samples have demonstrated that Pakistan’s recent progress toward interrupting endemic WPV1 transmission has been jeopardized by persistent circulation in a historically challenging geographic area as well as by AFP surveillance limitations. Of note, an outbreak of WPV1 genetically linked to viral strains in Pakistan was identified during this period in Malawi and Mozambique, countries located in the WHO African Region, which was certified free of indigenous WPV1 transmission in September 2020 ( 1 , 9 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The limited genetic divergence among WPV1 isolations since 2020 suggests that the reduction in cases and apparent geographic scope of virus spread are likely reflective of a decrease in WPV1 circulation during the reporting period. Disruptions to implementation of polio eradication activities because of the COVID-19 pandemic have been ameliorated since late 2020 ( 1 , 6 ), and a cVDPV2 outbreak that began in 2019 was interrupted by 2021 after a robust vaccination response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In underimmunized populations, excretion of vaccine virus can, during a period of 12–18 months, lead to reversion to neurovirulence, resulting in circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), which can cause paralysis and outbreaks. An outbreak of cVDPV type 2 (cVDPV2), which began in Pakistan in 2019, has been successfully contained; the last case occurred in April 2021 ( 1 , 6 ). Despite program improvements, 400,000–500,000 children continue to be missed during nationwide polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), * and recent isolation of poliovirus from sewage samples collected in other provinces suggests wider WPV1 circulation during the ongoing high transmission season.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2021–July 2022

Mbaeyi¹,

Baig²,

Safdar³

et al. 2022

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2021–July 2022

Mbaeyi¹,

Baig²,

Safdar³

et al. 2022

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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“…Nevertheless, an increase in the number of cVDPV type 2 outbreaks has been reported worldwide in recent years [ 11 ]. During 2022, a new challenge in the World Health Organization (WHO) poliovirus eradication programme includes controlling PV2 events not only in low-income countries [ 12 ] but also in countries with high vaccination coverage such as the US (New York), the United Kingdom and Israel [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of genetically linked vaccine-originated poliovirus type 2 in the absence of oral polio vaccine, Jerusalem, April to July 2022

et al. 2022

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We report an emergence and increase in poliovirus type 2 detection via routine wastewater surveillance in three non-overlapping regions in the Jerusalem region, Israel, between April and July 2022. Sequencing showed genetic linkage among isolates and accumulation of mutations over time, with two isolates defined as vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV). This demonstrates the emergence and potential circulation of type 2 VDPV in a high-income country with high vaccine coverage and underscores the importance of routine wastewater surveillance during the polio eradication.

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“…Since then, cases of WPV have decreased by approximately 99.99%, and WPV2 and WPV3 types were declared eradicated. Transmission of WPV type 1 (WPV1) is still uninterrupted only in Afghanistan and Pakistan [3]. e key strategies in the GPEI include (1) strengthening childhood immunization through oral polio vaccines, (2) conducting surveillance through investigation of AFP cases among children below 15 years, and (3) conducting houseto-house "mop-up" campaigns in areas where cases of polio have been detected [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Acute Flaccid Paralysis Virological Surveillance System in Polio-Free Morocco, 2010–2018

Lemrabet

Qazoui²,

Azzouzi³

et al. 2022

Advances in Public Health

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Background. The goal of Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is to comprehensively investigate and report any case of a child below 15 years with a floppy weakness. This is essential for the poliovirus eradication initiative. Objective. In this study, we analyzed the results of nine-year surveillance (2010–2018) of AFP in Morocco. Method. This was a descriptive, retrospective study of cases with AFP routinely documented at the National Referral Laboratory of Polio (NRLP) from 2010 to 2018. Results. Among the 884 AFP cases identified and analyzed, we identified 11 polioviruses as Sabin-like vaccine strains (PSL). PSL were isolated in 11 samples of AFP cases received at the laboratory, including one PSL1, three PSL2 + PSL3, one PSL1 + PSL2, and one PSL1 + 2 + 3. The annualized nonpolio AFP rate per 100,000 children under 15 years ranged from 0.84 during 2011–2015 to 2.29 in 2018. The stool adequacy indicator was poor and may be improved with better delivery times and maintaining the cold chain. The incidence of isolated nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEV) varied between 2.27% and 12.6%, with the average not exceeding 6.35%; the incidence remained low compared to the indicator set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Conclusion. Morocco was certified polio-free by WHO in 2015, and since then no cases of wild poliovirus have been reported. Overall, although the nonpolio AFP rate has risen to the WHO standard, stool adequacy and the proportion of nonpolio enteroviruses need to be improved. The laboratory can adopt alternative techniques, independent of cell culture, to ensure that imported cases of poliovirus are not missed, especially in this era of eradication.

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Progress Toward Polio Eradication — Worldwide, January 2020–April 2022

Cited by 47 publications

References 6 publications

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2021–July 2022

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Pakistan, January 2021–July 2022

Emergence of genetically linked vaccine-originated poliovirus type 2 in the absence of oral polio vaccine, Jerusalem, April to July 2022

Evaluation of the Acute Flaccid Paralysis Virological Surveillance System in Polio-Free Morocco, 2010–2018

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