Proline and Glutamine Improve in vitro Callus Induction and Subsequent Shooting in Rice

Enhancing somatic embryogenesis of Malaysian rice cultivar MR219 using adjuvant materials in a high-efficiency protocol

“…Nutritional additions such as proline and casein hydrolysate have been reported to improve callusing reaction (Lin and Zhang 2005). Accumulation of proline occurs in plants, marine invertebrates, eubacteria and protozoa after adverse conditions (Pawar et al 2015). Accumulation of this anti-stress has been described after drought, low temperature, high temperature, salt heavy metal, UV irradiation, anaerobiosis, atmospheric pollution and pathogen infection (Hare and Cress 1997;Rachmawati and Anzai 2006;Narciso and Hattori 2010;Pawar et al 2015).…”

“…Accumulation of proline occurs in plants, marine invertebrates, eubacteria and protozoa after adverse conditions (Pawar et al 2015). Accumulation of this anti-stress has been described after drought, low temperature, high temperature, salt heavy metal, UV irradiation, anaerobiosis, atmospheric pollution and pathogen infection (Hare and Cress 1997;Rachmawati and Anzai 2006;Narciso and Hattori 2010;Pawar et al 2015). Generally speaking, proline accumulation in plants leads to enzymatic regulator functions, osmo-protection, carbon reverse and nutritional nitrogen storage under stress (Holme et al 1997).…”

“…Proline is added to the media as an organic nitrogen source. The promotive effects of L-proline on inducing and proliferating embryogenesis callus were observed in different plants such as Oryza sativa, Dactylis glomerata and Zea maize (Siripornadulsil et al 2002;Pawar et al 2015). Reportedly, the proline's presence in the medium appears to produce a required stress condition where there is a decrease in water potential, increasing the nutritional elements accumulation in cells, callus and enhance embryogenesis.…”

“…For instance, calli with some organ regeneration are named embryonic, shooty or rooty calli, whereas calli without organ regeneration are called compact or friable callus (Ikeuchi et al 2013). Callogenesis and growth highly depend on genotype, basal salt mediums, plant growth regulators (PGRs), organic components, carbohydrate, explants and adjuvant materials (Pawar et al 2015). Additionally, media strength is another essential factor to regulate callus' growth and regeneration (Din et al 2016).…”

“…Nutritional supplements including proline and casein hydrolysate have been reported to increase callus induction (Lin and Zhang 2005). Proline is an a-amino acid that is essential for embryogenic callus growth, formation and primary metabolism (Szabados and Savoure 2010;Che Radziah et al 2012;Pawar et al 2015). Interaction with nitrogen sources such as ammonium and nitrate is the main function of proline in plant tissue culture (Holme et al 1997).…”