Promising Adjuvants and Platforms for Influenza Vaccine Development

Abstract

Influenza is one of the major threats to public health. Current influenza vaccines cannot provide effective protection against drifted or shifted influenza strains. Researchers have considered two important strategies to develop novel influenza vaccines with improved immunogenicity and broader protective efficacy. One is applying fewer variable viral antigens, such as the haemagglutinin stalk domain. The other is including adjuvants in vaccine formulations. Adjuvants are promising and helpful boosters to promote more rapid and stronger immune responses with a dose-sparing effect. However, few adjuvants are currently licensed for human influenza vaccines, although many potential candidates are in different trials. While many advantages have been observed using adjuvants in influenza vaccine formulations, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying viral infection and vaccination-induced immune responses will help to develop new adjuvant candidates. In this review, we summarize the works related to adjuvants in influenza vaccine research that have been used in our studies and other laboratories. The review will provide perspectives for the utilization of adjuvants in developing next-generation and universal influenza vaccines.

mRNA vaccines in the prevention and treatment of diseases

“…Novel intravital administration techniques can be developed. Third, novel adjuvants should be incorporated into the formulation to further boost the efficacy of the mRNA vaccines 29,296,297 . A delicate balance of several factors, for example, stimulation of immunity, exacerbated inflammation, and suppression of mRNA expression is required.…”

“…Third, novel adjuvants should be incorporated into the formulation to further boost the efficacy of the mRNA vaccines. 29,296,297 A delicate balance of several factors, for example, stimulation of immunity, exacerbated inflammation, and suppression of mRNA expression is required. Fourth, the issue raised by nucleoside modification and codon optimization of mRNA needs to be addressed to ensure efficient and accurate translation of full-length polypeptides that are properly folded.…”

Influenza vaccines: where we are, where we are going

“…Adjuvants are chemicals that are administered with vaccines to improve immune responses and potentially reduce the required antigen dose [23,24,25 ▪ ,56]. In addition to MF59 discussed above, agents such as Matrix-M, Adjuvant System 03 (AS03), ssRNA, and miltefosine (among others) have recently been studied as potential adjuvants [56].…”

Challenges and Future Prospects of Nanotechnology for Antiviral Drugs

“…Introducing a small amount of inactivated or attenuated antigenic material to stimulate an individual's immune system is called vaccination. 31 It is the pre-emptive first line of defense against pathogens. As a result, the immune system becomes active and develops antibodies or white blood cells to combat the introduced pathogen or other allergens, resulting in adaptive immunity.…”