“…To advance the conceptualization of bystanders and their decision-making from BIM, we proposed the upstanding for promotion-prevention (UPP) model. The UPP model stands atop a rich theoretical foundation of promotion and prevention science (Catalano et al, 2002;Kia-Keating et al, 2011), regulatory focus and fit theories from motivation science (Higgins, 1997;Scholer et al, 2019), reinforcement theory from applied behavioral science (Biglan, 2003;Biglan et al, 2012;Geller, 2001;McCarty et al, 2021), and previous bystander intervention research encouraging various forms of prevention upstanding (e.g., Banyard et al, 2019Banyard et al, , 2021Hamby et al, 2016;Hart & Miethe, 2008;Moschella & Banyard, 2020;Vera et al, 2019). Additionally, the UPP model answers prior calls by researchers to address multiple risks and forms of harm, while also broadening efforts to attend to multiple assets and forms of benefit (i.e., extending across prevention/promotion opportunities and health-depreciating and health-promoting settings; Hamby & Grych, 2013;McMahon et al, 2022;McMahon & Banyard, 2012).…”