Different from the previous researches on the synchronization and synchronization transition of neuronal networks constructed by integer-order neuronal models, the synchronization and synchronization transition of fractional-order neuronal network are investigated in this paper. The fractional-order ring neuronal network constructed by fractional-order HindmarshRose (HR) neuronal models without electromagnetic radiation are proposed, and it’s synchronization behaviors are investigated numerically. The synchronization behaviors of two coupled fractional-order neuronal models and ring neuronal network under electromagnetic radiation are studied numerically. By research results, several novel phenomena and conclusions can be drawn. First, for the fractional-order HR model’s ring neuronal network without electromagnetic radiation, if the fractional-order q is changed, the threshold of the coupling strength when the network is in perfect synchronization will change. Furthermore, the change of fractional-order can induce the transition of periodic synchronization and chaotic synchronization. Second, for the two coupled neurons under electromagnetic radiation, the synchronization degree is influenced by fractional-order and the feedback gain parameter k1 . In addition, the fractional-order and parameter k1 can induce the synchronization transition of bursting synchronization, perfect synchronization and phase synchronization. For the perfect synchronization, the synchronization transition of chaotic synchronization and periodic synchronization induced by q and parameter k1 is also observed. Especially, When the fractionalorder is small, like 0.6, the synchronization behavior will be more complex. Third, for the ring neuronal network under electromagnetic radiation, with the change of memory-conductance parameter β, parameter k1 and fractional-order q of electromagnetic radiation, the synchronization behaviors are different. When β > 0.02 , the synchronization will be strengthened with the decreasing of fractional-order. The parameter k1 can induce the synchronization transition of perfect periodic10 synchronization, perfect periodic-7 synchronization, perfect periodic-5 synchronization and perfect periodic4 synchronization. It is hard for the system to synchronize and q has little effect on the synchronization when −0.06 < β < 0.02 . When β < −0.06 , the network moves directly from asynchronization to perfect synchronization, and the synchronization factor goes from 0.1 to 1 with the small change of fractional-order. Larger the factional-order is, larger the range of synchronization is. The synchronization degree increases with the increasing of k1.