Proper Utilization of Iodized Salt and Associated Factors Among Rural Community of Hetosa District, Oromia Regional State, South East Ethiopia

Aredo, Melese Tadesse; Demise, Hailu Fekadu; Regesu, Ashenafi Habtamu

doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.133926

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“… 31 Accordingly, participants who have formal education were 1.6 times more likely to use iodized salt as compared to those who did not attend formal education. This is consistent with the previous report on Hote district, 32 Laelay Maychew in 2015, Woilata in 2018, Asella in 2016, Sudan in 2017, and Iraq in 2012. 16 , 22 , 23 , 31 , 33 , 34 Public awareness is necessary for the demand of iodized salt utilization.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Consistent with previous studies’ reports 3 , 32 , 35 respondents with good knowledge score had two times more likely to use iodized salt as compared with the counter group. This could be because educated respondents have learned and could read about the importance of iodized salt.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression for adequate iodized salt utilization in Menkorer city, North West Ethiopia. This is consistent with the previous report on Hote district,32 Laelay Maychew in 2015, Woilata in 2018, Asella in 2016, Sudan in 2017, and Iraq in 2012.…”

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confidence: 93%

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Iodine status, impact of knowledge, and practice for adequate iodized salt utilization in house hold at North West Ethiopia

Molla¹,

Giza

Kebede

et al. 2023

SAGE Open Medicine

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Introduction: Iodine is one of the crucial micronutrients required for the normal growth of humans from the fetal stage to adulthood through the synthesis of thyroxin (t3) and triiodothyronine (t4) hormones in the thyroid gland for regulation of metabolism, protein synthesis, and brain development. This study aimed to assess iodine status, the impact of knowledge and practice for adequate iodized salt utilization in household levels in North West Ethiopia. Method: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out using multistage sampling among 1398 residents from 28 December 2021 to 30 January 2022. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. The collected data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and then exported to STATA/R version 14 for further analysis. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was used to declare statistical significance at p < 0.05. Result: The overall mean (±SD) age of participants was 34.9 (±12.8) years. About 678 (48.5%) had 15–80 ppm, 23 (1.6%) had >80 ppm, 533 (38.13%) had 1.1 ppm to 14.9 ppm, and 147 (10.5) had no iodine in salt (0 ppm) after assessed by Rapid Test Kit. Only 48.5% of the sampled household had used adequate iodized salt with ≥15 ppm. The overall burden of goiter was estimated at 11.4/1000 population. Adequate iodized salt utilization was significantly associated with having formal education (adjusted odds ratio = 1.89: 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 2.6, p = 0.001), monthly income ≥5000 ETB/month (adjusted odds ratio = 1.99: 95% confidence interval: 1.5, 2.9, p = 0.001), and good knowledge score (adjusted odds ratio = 1.6: 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 2.6, p = 0.03) were predictors for proper iodized salt utilization. Conclusion: Coverage of adequately iodized salt was low and respondents’ formal education, monthly income ≥5000 Ethiopian Birr/month, and good knowledge score were all significantly associated with proper iodized salt utilization. While the prevalence of goiter was not significantly identified as a public health problem as compared in the regions, however, in light of previous iodine deficiency in this region of Ethiopia, the salt iodization program should be done continually.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Iodine status, impact of knowledge, and practice for adequate iodized salt utilization in house hold at North West Ethiopia

Molla¹,

Giza

Kebede

et al. 2023

SAGE Open Medicine

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“…Our finding was lower than the findings from studies conducted in Somali region of Jijiga town, Ethiopia (26.6%), 23 in Debre Tabor, Ethiopia (55.6%), 27 in Hetosa, Oromia, Ethiopia (38.4%), 28 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (78%), 29 and in Asella, Ethiopia (76.8%). 30 Moreover, this was higher than a study conducted in Alfom Tigray, Ethiopia (8.9%).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

Iodine concentration level, availability of adequately iodised salt and proper utilisation, and its influencing factors among households in Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

Kebebew

Derese

Bogale³

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveThe availability of iodine concentration in iodised salt at the household level does not guarantee the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, but it can be significantly assured through proper utilisation. In eastern Ethiopia, there are no data on the use of iodised salt at the household level. The purpose of this study was to determine the iodine concentration, the coverage of adequately iodised salt and the factors that influencing the proper iodised salt utilisation in households.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and iodine concentration was determined using the WYD Checker iodine test. We used the logistic generalised estimating equation statistical analysis method to assess the factors that affect proper iodised salt utilisation at a household level.SettingThe study was conducted in Dire Dawa City Administration, Eastern Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 473 households were selected using one-stage sampling technique.Primary measuresIodine concentration, availability of adequately iodised salt and proper utilisation were primary outcomes of this study.ResultsOnly 37% of households found sufficient iodine concentration in iodised salt, while only 25.2% of households used iodised salt properly. College or above education (adjusted OR=5.1, 95% CI: 1.2 to 21.6, p=0.024), good knowledge (adjusted OR=5.3, 95% CI: 4.3 to 13.4, p<0.0001), good attitude (adjusted OR=4.2, 95% CI: 2.5 to 7.0, p<0.0001) and household with family size >5 (adjusted OR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.7) were significantly associated with proper utilisation of iodised salt.ConclusionsAdequate coverage and iodised salt utilisation were low. The proper use of iodised salt is associated with educational status, family size, knowledge and attitudes. Raising public awareness, health promotion and continuous regulation of iodine concentration at all levels by regulatory bodies are important strategies for addressing the public health problems of iodine deficiency and related diseases.

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“…The World Health Organization’s goal of eradicating iodine deficiency illnesses (≥90%) is substantially exceeded by this finding ( 1 ). According to the findings of this study, the proportion of households with adequate iodized salt is less than in earlier studies from Combolcha (68.8%) ( 25 ), Assella (62.5%) ( 26 ), and Dera (57.4%) ( 27 ), Oromia Regional State, South East Ethiopia (61.1%) ( 28 ), Southeast Ethiopia (56.6%) ( 28 ), Kolfe Keraniyo, Addis Ababa (95.5%) ( 29 ), Sidama Zone (65%) ( 30 ), China (89%) ( 31 ), Ghana (75.6%) ( 32 ), and India (75%) ( 33 ). This may be a result of the market’s accessibility and availability of iodized salt, as well as laws, policies, and ongoing follow-up and monitoring of the use of iodized salt in various nations.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Adequacy of iodized salt and its associated factors among households in the Bahir Dar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022

Temech,

Said,

Endalik

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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BackgroundThe inadequacy of iodine in salt is the a contributing factor behind lack of awareness and poor economic performance in developing countries. To address the issue of iodine deficiency, universal salt iodization has been implemented globally. Nevertheless, it is imperative to closely monitor the sufficiency of iodine in salts to achieve its intended objective at the household level in the Bahir Dar Zuria district.ObjectiveTo assess the adequacy of iodized salt and its associated factors among households in the Bahir Dar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2022 among households in Bahir Dar Zuria district. The data were gathered from 825 households that were chosen using a multistage sampling process. Iodometric titration was used to assess the amount of iodine in salt. The data were gathered using a structured questionnaire that was administered by an interviewer. For data entry and analysis, EpiData version 3.01 and SPSS version 25.0 were used, respectively. To evaluate the association between explanatory factors and the outcome variable, binary logistic regression was conducted, and significance was determined at alpha 0.05.ResultThis study analyzed a total of 825 households. Of these, only 384 [46.5, 95% CI, 43.5–50.5%] households had adequately iodized salt at home. Age increase of 1 year [AOR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.02–1.06], being an urban resident [AOR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.84–5.48], diploma and above educational attainment [AOR = 3.74, 95% CI = 1.99–7.02], checking salt by asking the seller [AOR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.26–3.88], storing salts in closed containers [AOR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.13–2.19], and storing salts in a dry and cool area [AOR = 2.72, 95% CI =1.37–5.42] were associated with the adequacy of iodized salt at the household level.Conclusion and recommendationThe percentage of households in the district (46.5%) that had enough iodized salt in their homes is still extremely low and falls short of the targeted level for the country. At the household level, adequate iodized salt was found to be associated with age, place of residence, level of education, checking salt iodization while purchasing, place of salt storage, and cover use for salt containers. Therefore, increasing the accessibility of iodized salt at the household level is essential.

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Proper Utilization of Iodized Salt and Associated Factors Among Rural Community of Hetosa District, Oromia Regional State, South East Ethiopia

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Iodine status, impact of knowledge, and practice for adequate iodized salt utilization in house hold at North West Ethiopia

Iodine status, impact of knowledge, and practice for adequate iodized salt utilization in house hold at North West Ethiopia

Iodine concentration level, availability of adequately iodised salt and proper utilisation, and its influencing factors among households in Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

Adequacy of iodized salt and its associated factors among households in the Bahir Dar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022

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