Properties of Insensitive Energetic Materials and Their Measurement

Co-agglomerated crystals of cyclic nitramines with sterically crowded molecules

“…26,27 CL-20 shows an endothermic peak at 171 °C, resulting from the transition of ε to the γ polymorphic form, and an exothermic peak at 225 °C, indicating further changes towards decomposition of γ-CL-20. 28,29 Similarly, the endothermic peak in BCHMX has been observed at 144 °C. BCHMX has enriched the β-CL-20 with the influence of the crystal lattice and, to certain extent, restricted temperatureinduced crystal modifications (T ± ΔT) (±50 °C); however, there is a decrease in the onsets of exothermic changes (up to 5 °C).…”

Exploring the thermal decomposition and detonation mechanisms of 2,4-dinitroanisole by TG-FTIR-MS and molecular simulations

“…Nitro-aromatic compounds are important energetic materials that are widely used in many military and civilian applications. 1–11 Among them, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive melt-cast matrix ingredient, which was used to prepare Amatol-40 explosives in WWII. 11,12 Since the 1980s, DNAN has again aroused strong attention and has become a promising energetic material to replace the traditional trinitrotoluene (TNT) in melt-cast explosives to make them less sensitive 13–19 owing to its kinetic inertness and thermal stability.…”

“…1–11 Among them, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive melt-cast matrix ingredient, which was used to prepare Amatol-40 explosives in WWII. 11,12 Since the 1980s, DNAN has again aroused strong attention and has become a promising energetic material to replace the traditional trinitrotoluene (TNT) in melt-cast explosives to make them less sensitive 13–19 owing to its kinetic inertness and thermal stability. Various DNAN-based melt-pour explosive formulations have been developed 20–32 and put into service.…”

Polynitro-functionalized 4-phenyl-1H-pyrazoles as heat-resistant explosives

“…1–5 Traditional heat-resistant explosives such as hexanitrostilbene (HNS) have excellent thermal stability ( T dec > 318 °C), but are less powerful and are highly sensitive to impact (impact sensitivity IS = 5 J). 6 There are a few other polynitrobenzene-based heat-resistant explosives like 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB, T dec = 350 °C), 2,6-bis(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitropyridine (PYX, T dec = 325 °C), hexanitrobiphenyl (HNBP, T dec > 250 °C), etc. 7–10 However, it is observed that due to high carbon content, most of these polynitrobenzene-based energetic compounds exhibit poor energetic performance.…”