Property study of Si + -ion-implanted Nd:YVO 4 waveguides

Analysis of Si+-implanted Nd:YVO4 crystal: the relation between lattice damage and waveguide formation

“…Optical confinement or waveguide effect also comes from such index change. Some experimental results on MeV Si ions implanted Nd:YVO 4 waveguide [11][12][13] have been reported, but all these articles emphasized only the result of waveguide formation while ignoring the analysis of the mechanism of how lattice damage modulates the index change. Until now few results have been found concerning the property of lattice damage in YVO 4 crystal induced by heavy ion implantation.…”

“…It also offers the possibility to bury a waveguide at various depths below surface by changing the ion species and energies [8]. Several papers previously reported the formation of waveguides in YVO 4 by implanting heavy ions, such as Si , Ni , and Cu [9][10][11][12][13], and light ions, such as He or H [14][15][16]. It has been reported that the index change caused by heavy ions implantation is more evident for the birefringent crystals with large index difference as YVO 4 , because convergence of refractive indices induced by the damage occurs in the implanted region.…”

Enhanced Raman Spectra in Femtosecond Laser Inscribed Yb:YVO4 Channel Waveguides

“…So, channel waveguide structure with double lines in Nd:YVO 4 crystal was studied by femtosecond laser inscription [15]. As an excellent optical materials, waveguides in Nd:YVO 4 crystal have been also fabricated using ion irradiation with proton [16], N [17], Si [18], He [19], O [20] ions and swift Kr ions [21].…”