Propolis: effects on the sanitisation of hatching eggs

Combination of cassava starch biopolymer and essential oils for coating table eggs

“…Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi contaminate eggshells (see review by Oliveira et al, 2022). Strategies to control eggshell contamination must be among the main commitments of all stages of the poultry farm-consumer interface to ensure the viability of the egg for consumption.…”

“…This may be rooted in the ability of essential oils to act detrimentally on the permeability of the cell membrane of microorganisms due to their lipophilic constituents (Macwan et al, 2016). Andrade et al (2014) studied the efficacy of twenty-seven essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains [microorganisms that can be found in eggshells as reviewed by Oliveira et al (2022)], with Gram-positive species being more sensitive to natural products than Gram-negative bacteria. Three of these essential oils were chosen for the present study.…”

Effects of Sanitizers on Microbiological Control of Hatching Eggshells and Poultry Health during Embryogenesis and Early Stages after Hatching in the Last Decade

“…Among the natural sanitizers for hatching eggs, essential oils, volatile liquids produced in flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, stems and roots [ 92 ]; propolis, a resinous product produced by bees using resins and other plant substances [ 93 , 94 ]; and garlic, which is a herb with bulbous flowering [ 95 ], are the most tested materials. These have more beneficial than harmful characteristics in terms of antibacterial and antifungal effects and production rates ( Table 2 ), supported by three recently published reviews [ 25 , 27 , 28 ]. Propolis can improve hatchability by up to 11% [ 28 ], and essential oils by up to 12.59% [ 27 ].…”

“…These have more beneficial than harmful characteristics in terms of antibacterial and antifungal effects and production rates ( Table 2 ), supported by three recently published reviews [ 25 , 27 , 28 ]. Propolis can improve hatchability by up to 11% [ 28 ], and essential oils by up to 12.59% [ 27 ]. There are no negative records of garlic in hatchability [ 25 ].…”

“…This state of affairs can be alleviated by sanitizing hatching eggs, a relatively simple protocol in which the eggs must be submitted, soon after collection, to intervention in the high proliferation of pathogens in the eggshell and their possible mobility to the microenvironment of embryonic development, making the egg suitable for generating a chick. The ideal time to sanitize hatching eggs is up to 30 min after oviposition or collection (if it is immediate) [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]; otherwise, the probability of having no effect or worsening production results is very high. This is corroborated in [ 29 ], which reported improved hatchability of eggs sanitized immediately compared with those sanitized six hours after laying, probably due to microbial penetration.…”