Proportions in the upper lip–lower lip–chin area of the lower face as determined by photogrammetric method

Computer-assisted analysis contour lines of aesthetic unit for the assessment of lip augmentation

“…Knowledge of the proportions in the upper lip-lower lip-chin area has a major impact on the perception of facial aesthetics [9,10,13,30]. It is possible to enlarge, refine, shorten and reshape lips with surgical techniques or with nonsurgical procedures like injectable soft tissue fillers such as bovine collagen or hyaluronic acid [8,24].…”

“…In general, there is a great variability of the individual measurements, allowing great variation in proportions which is one of the most important requirements for individuality [3,9,12,26,28,32]. The mathematical analysis should also be of interest to patients expressing concern about their facial profile, and in instances of moderate deviation, it can be useful in decisions of treatment without surgery.…”

“…The appearance including the shape, size, fullness and symmetry are important aspects of attractiveness [6][7][8]. The definition of Bperfect^or Bideal^lips changes, depending on factors such as age, ethnicity, culture, fashion and current trends [9][10][11][12][13]. The definition of Bideal lipî s full with a well-defined vermilion border and with the correct balance between the upper and lower lips [2,[14][15][16].…”

Face perception in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and patients with severe Class III malocclusion compared to controls

“…Recent studies indicate that measurements obtained by 3D methods are more reliable than a conventional 2D approach (Ozsoy et al, 2009). Furthermore metric and volumetric indices are possible to analyse in 3D which are of great interest in diagnosis and treatment planning (Anic-Milosevic et al, 2010). Particularly in patients with a CLP an analysis of the facial asymmetry as follow-up documentation and objective evaluation of the treatment results could be more comprehensive and reproducible by using 3D techniques (Nollet et al, 2007;Nagy and Mommaerts, 2007).…”

Is it possible to distinguish between extraction and nonextraction treatments using facial images of adolescents with skeletal Class II malocclusion?

“…These cases of worsening might be attributable to muscular hypotonia or variability in score classification, which were statistically and clinically nonsignificant (Table 1). The facial proportions are objective references of great interest in the areas of orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and plastic surgery [28]. For a more detailed analysis, the full face should also be carefully evaluated, as this is the view that the patient sees when looking in the mirror [9].…”