Proposal of a new analytical procedure for the measurement of water absorption by stone. Preliminary study for an alternative to the Italian technical normative NORMAL 07-81

Plattner, Susanne Heidi; Reale, Rita; Visco, Giovanni; Papa, Maria Grazia; Sammartino, Maria Pia

doi:10.1186/1752-153x-6-62

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For the present study, the test was first run in the standard way as described above and then in a modified way using an automated measurement apparatus (Plattner et al 2012) at the University of Zaragoza. The automated procedure involved the use of a balance to constantly monitor water absorption by measuring the mass of the specimen immersed in water at a 1-s interval for the entire duration of the absorption process.…”

Section: Total Immersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Grain Size and Pore Network on the Durability of Vicenza Stone

2019

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The textural properties of a rock and the characteristics of its pore network are intrinsic variables to consider when investigating the resistance of rock to weathering. To establish the influence of these variables on the effectiveness and progression of weathering processes, two lithotypes of a limestone were analyzed with respect to their texture and porosity, and to their performance during artificial weathering experiments. The studied rock is Vicenza Stone, a bioclastic limestone with heterogeneous texture, variable grain size from fine to coarse, and high levels of open porosity (27%-28%). Two sets of samples were obtained from a quarry, defining coarse-grained (CGV) and fine-grained (FGV) lithotypes of Vicenza Stone. Multiple techniques (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, image analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry, hygroscopicity, ultrasound, and water absorption) were used to characterize the texture and porosity of the limestone. The sample sets were subjected to freeze-thaw (UNI 11186:2008) and salt-crystallization (partial continuous immersion method with a Na2SO4-saturated saline solution) weathering experiments to investigate the processes and progression of mechanical and chemical weathering. Differences in freeze-thaw-induced micro-cracks and in the deposition of secondary micrite between the lithotypes show that the CGV has an overall higher susceptibility to freeze-thaw weathering than FGV. Salt weathering processes induced micro-crack formation, material dissolution, and secondary precipitation, suggesting the simultaneous occurrence of mechanical stress and chemical dissolution-precipitation processes. FGV is more prone to salt-induced weathering than CGV, whereas CGV is susceptible to the wide thermal excursions of freeze-thaw weathering. Response to Reviewers:We acknowledge all the comments and the constructive revision of the associate editor and the two referees; the suggestions were considered and accurately inserted in the text, with gratitude. As suggested by the referees the title was revised in "An experimental investigation of the effects of grain size and pore network on the durability of Vicenza Stone", and the structure of the manuscript was reorganized as advised.

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Section: Total Immersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Grain Size and Pore Network on the Durability of Vicenza Stone

2019

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“…As a fact, microclimatic conditions and salt content, obviously caused by water rise and/or infiltration are recognized as the main degrading agents [3,7,[9][10][11][12][13]. Measurement and conditioning of the microclimate are ruled by Italian (UNI) [14][15][16][17][18] and European (EN) norms [19][20][21] whereas, for salt content, only the measurement procedure is provided [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multidisciplinary diagnostic approach preliminary to the restoration of the country church “San Maurizio” located in Ittiri (SS), Italy

et al. 2014

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Background: The knowledge of the structure of an artefact, as well as that of its constituent materials and of the hosting environment surely ensures safe guideline for its restoration. Unfortunately, in most cases, a scientific investigation preliminary to restoration is not accomplished due to its high costs and, as a fact, diagnostics is performed only for very precious artworks. This paper aims to provide a multidisciplinary diagnostic procedure that, although not exhaustive, is rigorous and relatively low cost. It was employed in view of the restoration works on a country church located in Sardinia. A careful inspection of all the architectural elements was carried out in order to highlight structural damages as well as sources of them. One stone and one plaster samples were analysed. The salt content was determined, in two different areas of the church, using three different sampling procedures while only the normed method was used for the determination along the stratigraphy of the sampled plaster. Microclimate monitoring was also carried out.Results: Water infiltration through the roof was observed. Natural stones and artificial building materials used in the basic architecture resulted to have local source. Both the preliminary "by eye" inspection and the optical microscopy revealed several finishing layers in the investigated plaster samples. The salt content, with some exception, resulted rather low. Microclimate parameters show significant variations only in few areas of the building. Conclusions: Damage observed inside the oldest part of the Church seems to be mainly related to water infiltrations through the roof and the lack of an effective drainage of the rainwater due to a previous bad restoration. Masonry from one of the newest rooms, showing a strong biodeterioration, as well as some areas inside the nave, revealed a significantly high sulphate content. Building materials (stone and aggregates of mortars) are of local provenance.

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A multivariate approach for a comparison of big data matrices. Case study: thermo-hygrometric monitoring inside the Carcer Tullianum (Rome) in the absence and in the presence of visitors

Visco

Plattner

Fortini³

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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In the last decades, the very fast improvement of the analytical instrumentation has led to the possibility of quickly and easily getting a lot of data; in turn, the need of advanced statistical methods suitable to extract the full information furnished by instruments has increased. Such kind of data treatments is particularly important in any case of continuous monitoring of one or more parameters, so the microclimate monitoring is a typical example for this application. Microclimate control is essential in the conservation of Cultural Heritage (CH), but decisions on optimal conservation parameters cannot base only on existing norms that do not take into account the environment's history. Often CH has survived for many centuries in conditions that must be considered risky but also a stable state (equilibrium) resulting from a long adaptation process during which a more or less heavy damage occurred to the materials. Any successive change of microclimate parameters has interrupted this equilibrium conditions and has induced further damage to material until a new equilibrium is reached; dimension and frequency of changes are proportional to the expected damage. This thermodynamic consideration provides the background for a CH conservation project based on microclimate control and highlights the importance of environmental monitoring for the identification of equilibrium parameters to be maintained. In 2010, we monitored the microclimate of an important historical building in Rome, the Mamertino Carcer, before its opening to visitors. One year later, we repeated the monitoring in the presence of visitors, and here, we present a careful choice of multivariate data treatments adopted for an enough, simple and immediate evaluation of the microclimatic changes; this allows an easier understanding also for persons with not too deep scientific background, such as Superintendents and, in turn, really useful information to provide suggestions for a conservation project. Results evidenced the expected loss of isolation of the site that occurred by opening to visitors; this led to wider excursions of both temperature and relative humidity and, in turn, to a worsening of the conservative conditions. Surely, a monitoring of particulate matter, correlated to air fluxes and, in turn, to microclimate, is of fundamental importance for the conservation of frescoes and will be object of one of our future diagnostic interventions in the site.

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Proposal of a new analytical procedure for the measurement of water absorption by stone. Preliminary study for an alternative to the Italian technical normative NORMAL 07-81

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Grain Size and Pore Network on the Durability of Vicenza Stone

An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Grain Size and Pore Network on the Durability of Vicenza Stone

A multidisciplinary diagnostic approach preliminary to the restoration of the country church “San Maurizio” located in Ittiri (SS), Italy

A multivariate approach for a comparison of big data matrices. Case study: thermo-hygrometric monitoring inside the Carcer Tullianum (Rome) in the absence and in the presence of visitors

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