2023
DOI: 10.9734/ajess/2023/v48i41088
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Proposed Model for Washback Effect of High-stakes Test in Ghanaian Senior High Schools

Francis Arthur,
Peter Anti Partey

Abstract: This study proposed a model for the washback effect of a high-stakes test in Ghanaian Senior High Schools. The proposed model focused on the micro washback effect of a high-stakes test, as the washback effect is multidimensional. The study reviewed Hughes', Bailey's, and Nguyen's washback effect models of a high-stakes test. The assumption that underpinned the proposed model was that the washback effect of a high-stakes test is inevitable, and it will affect teachers’ classroom instructional practices, impleme… Show more

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