Proposition of a Thermogravimetric Method to Measure the Ferrous Iron Content in Metallurgical-Grade Chromite

Sommerfeld, Marcus; Friedrich, Bernd

doi:10.3390/min12020109

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Chromite concentrate from Turkey was used as a chromium carrier. The concentrate was thoroughly described in a previous publication 28 . The reducing agents used in this study were bamboo charcoal, coconut shell charcoal, lignite coke, corn cob charcoal and olive pomace charcoal.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling CO2 neutral metallurgy for ferrochromium production using bio-based reducing agents

Sommerfeld,

Botinha,

Friedrich

2024

Sci Rep

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The metallurgical industry is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the replacement of fossil-reducing agents with potentially CO2-neutral bio-based reducing agents. Since reducing agents remove oxygen bonded with metal oxides present in the ore, they are a necessity for the production of metallic elements. The investigated metal is chromium, a major part of stainless steel, and therefore a highly relevant element for the transition from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable one. The state-of-the-art smelting reduction and pre-reduction process followed by subsequent smelting using various reducing agents are investigated in this article. The obtained products, metallurgical efficiencies, energy consumption and off-gas generation were compared. While the products produced with bio-based reducing agents are comparable with the reference trials using metallurgical coke regarding the major components in the metal, the concentration of detrimental phosphorus is significantly higher using bio-based reducing agents. The metallurgical efficiency of the process is comparable to the usage of bio-based reducing agents and coke. However, the energy consumption and the generation of off-gas is higher, when coke is replaced by bio-based reducing agents.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling CO2 neutral metallurgy for ferrochromium production using bio-based reducing agents

Sommerfeld,

Botinha,

Friedrich

2024

Sci Rep

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“…The analytical methods which were used to analyze the chromite concentrate are omitted here and described in detail in a previous publication [17].…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Used Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2-Minimized Ferrochrome Production Utilizing Silicon Wafer Cutting Slurry as an Alternative Reductant

Sommerfeld

Weiss

Friedrich

2023

J. Sustain. Metall.

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Direct emissions due to the use of carbon-based fossil-reducing agents contribute to the overall CO2 emissions of pyrometallurgical production processes. This study investigated the replacement of fossil coke by silicon-rich cutting waste from the solar wafer cutting process to produce ferrochrome in an electric arc furnace. Laboratory test work and thermochemical simulation were carried out to examine the product quality at various additions of cutting waste and lime. The experimental trials resulted in products in accord with international standards, however, adjusting the slag composition by the addition of lime was necessary, otherwise high silicon contents in the alloys were obtained. Due to the highly exothermic reaction of silicon with iron- and chromium oxides, the silicothermic reduction results in a decreased specific electric energy consumption compared to the carbothermic reduction according to the thermochemical simulation. Low phosphorus and sulfur contents in the alloy might result in premium prices, aiding the economic viability of the process. Graphical Abstract

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WD‐XRF technique for speciation of iron and quantification of its oxidation states in geological samples using L‐series of iron X‐ray spectrum

Maurya,

Deb Barman

2024

X-Ray Spectrometry

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Wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WD‐XRF) spectrometry is a fast and widely used technique for elemental analysis of geological samples from Na to U. However, it has seldom been applied for quantitative determination of oxidation states of elements in complex matrices. In this study, we present a method to determine the oxidation states of iron in geological samples by WD‐XRF. We used the FeLα1,2 fluorescence line as a tool for iron speciation and Fe(II)/Fetotal ratio determination. We found that the normalized intensity (peak height) of FeLα1,2 fluorescence line was linearly correlated with the spin multiplicity (2S + 1) of ferrous and ferric content in the samples. To account for the matrix effects of chemical environment (matrix and chemical bonding) on FeLα1,2 fluorescence line, we introduced a chemical index factor (μ) that enabled accurate determination of Fe(II)/Fetotal ratio in different types of geological samples. The method was validated using international certified reference materials and their mixtures and obtained promising results, with only 6 out of 55 determinations showing relative error more than 5% of the certified values.

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Proposition of a Thermogravimetric Method to Measure the Ferrous Iron Content in Metallurgical-Grade Chromite

Cited by 5 publications

References 41 publications

Enabling CO2 neutral metallurgy for ferrochromium production using bio-based reducing agents

Enabling CO2 neutral metallurgy for ferrochromium production using bio-based reducing agents

CO2-Minimized Ferrochrome Production Utilizing Silicon Wafer Cutting Slurry as an Alternative Reductant

WD‐XRF technique for speciation of iron and quantification of its oxidation states in geological samples using L‐series of iron X‐ray spectrum

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