Prospective Investigation of Stress Inoculation in Young Monkeys

Parker, Karen J.; Buckmaster, Christine L.; Schatzberg, Alan F.; Lyons, David M.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.933

Cited by 160 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…One intriguing finding to emerge from this retrospective research has been that stress resistance is associated with childhood exposure to mildly stressful events (1,3). Prospective longitudinal studies of nonhuman primates support this finding, because monkeys exposed to brief, 1-h periods of maternalseparation stress exhibit diminished anxiety and attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis responses to subsequent stressors compared with unmanipulated monkeys (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Blood samples were also collected immediately after testing to examine cortisol levels after novelty exposure, and a subset of these data was reported in ref. 4. All blood samples were collected between 1530 and 1800 h to control for circadian variation (37).…”

Section: Methods Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the same psychobiological mechanisms ''program'' the stress response in rodents and primates, HPAaxis activation during primate development should lead to later stress hyperresponsivity. Yet, in primates, a paradigm that induces anxiety and activates the HPA-axis leads, instead, to emotional and neuroendocrine stress resistance (4,19).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Maternal mediation, stress inoculation, and the development of neuroendocrine stress resistance in primates

Parker

Buckmaster

Sundlass

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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185

152

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The stress inoculation hypothesis presupposes that brief intermittent stress exposure early in life induces the development of subsequent stress resistance in human and nonhuman primates. Rodent studies, however, suggest a role for maternal care rather than stress exposure per se (i.e., the maternal mediation hypothesis). To investigate these two hypotheses, we examined maternal care and the development of stress resistance after exposure to brief intermittent infant stress (IS), mother-infant stress (MIS), or no stress (NS) protocols administered to 30 monkeys between postnatal weeks 17 and 27. Unlike rodents, the IS condition did not permanently increase primate maternal care, nor did measures of total maternal care predict subsequent offspring hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal-axis responsivity. Although MIS infants received less maternal care than IS and NS infants, both IS and MIS monkeys developed subsequent stress resistance. These findings indicate that rearing differences in the development of stress resistance are more closely related to differences in prior stress exposure than to differences in maternal care. A second experiment confirmed this conclusion in a different cohort of 25 monkeys exposed as infants to high foraging-demand (HFD) or low foraging-demand (LFD) conditions. HFD infants exhibited intermittent elevations in cortisol levels and received less maternal care than LFD infants. In keeping with a key prediction of the stress inoculation hypothesis, HFD males responded to stress in adulthood with diminished hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activation compared with LFD males. Results from both experiments demonstrate that stress inoculation, rather than high levels of maternal care, promotes the development of primate stress resistance.hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ͉ monkey ͉ maternal care ͉ resilience

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confidence: 76%

Section: Methods Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal mediation, stress inoculation, and the development of neuroendocrine stress resistance in primates

Parker

Buckmaster

Sundlass

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

185

152

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“…Specifically, limited exposure may ''toughen" individuals, leaving them more emotionally stable and better able to cope with both difficult stressors and minor challenges; in contrast, both sheltering from all stressors and exposure to continuous chronic stressors lead to lack of ''toughness" [10]. Notably, previous research has ignored the potential protective effects of lifetime adversity on CBP patients' responses to their pain [5,22,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime exposure to adversity predicts functional impairment and healthcare utilization among individuals with chronic back pain

Seery

Leo

Holman

et al. 2010

Pain

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a b s t r a c tPrevious research has demonstrated an association between lifetime exposure to adverse events and chronic back pain (CBP), but the nature of this relationship has not been fully specified. Adversity exposure typically predicts undesirable outcomes, suggesting that lack of all adversity is optimal. However, we hypothesized that among individuals faced with CBP, a history of a low level of lifetime adversity would yield protective effects, manifested as lower impairment and healthcare utilization. Adult members of a national panel (N = 396) endorsed a history of CBP when reporting their physical health status in an online survey; they further reported their functional impairment and healthcare utilization. Respondents had previously completed a survey of lifetime exposure to adverse events. Significant Ushaped quadratic relationships emerged between adversity and self-rated functional impairment (p < 0.001), disabled employment status (p < 0.001), frequency of physician/clinic visits for CBP (p < 0.01), prescription (but not over-the-counter) analgesic use (p < 0.01), and comorbid depression treatment seeking (p < 0.01). Specifically, people with some lifetime adversity reported less impairment and healthcare utilization than people who had experienced either no adversity or a high level of adversity. Additional analyses failed to support alternative explanations of the findings. Implications for understanding and promoting resilience in the context of CBP are discussed. Ó

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“…Research in rodents supports the stress inoculation hypothesis and has suggested that this protection against some of the later negative effects may be due to neuroplasticity in the PFC induced by stress inoculation (Southwick and Charney, 2012). In one study, young monkeys were presented with a controllable stressor (periodic short maternal separations) over a course of 10 weeks (Parker et al, 2004). These monkeys experienced acute stress during the separation periods, illustrated by agitation as well as temporary increased levels of cortisol.…”

Section: Developmental Factors In Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Resilience

Building Resilience for Success

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Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. Stressful life events, trauma, and chronic adversity can have a substantial impact on brain function and structure, and can result in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and other psychiatric disorders. However, most individuals do not develop such illnesses after experiencing stressful life events, and are thus thought to be resilient. Resilience as successful adaptation relies on effective responses to environmental challenges and ultimate resistance to the deleterious effects of stress, therefore a greater understanding of the factors that promote such effects is of great relevance. This review focuses on recent findings regarding genetic, epigenetic, developmental, psychosocial, and neurochemical factors that are considered essential contributors to the development of resilience. Neural circuits and pathways involved in mediating resilience are also discussed. The growing understanding of resilience factors will hopefully lead to the development of new pharmacological and psychological interventions for enhancing resilience and mitigating the untoward consequences.

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Prospective Investigation of Stress Inoculation in Young Monkeys

Cited by 160 publications

References 64 publications

Maternal mediation, stress inoculation, and the development of neuroendocrine stress resistance in primates

Maternal mediation, stress inoculation, and the development of neuroendocrine stress resistance in primates

Lifetime exposure to adversity predicts functional impairment and healthcare utilization among individuals with chronic back pain

Understanding Resilience

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