Prospects on the nano-plastic particles internalization and induction of cellular response in human keratinocytes

Abstract

Background Today, cosmetic products are very popular with both men and women to improve their appearance and increase their social acceptability. Results In this study, nano-sized (30–300 nm) plastic particles were isolated from the commercial face-scrubs and treated on the human keratinocytes. The observed adherence of polyethylene nano-plastics (PENPs), polystyrene NPs (PSNPs), and face-scrubs isolated nano-plastics (NPs) on the keratin layer reveals a significant attachment of NPs from the cosmetics that are applied on the skin for a short duration. This attachment property could facilitate further adherence of protein molecules on NPs and the protein-corona formation. The protein-corona mimics protein aggregates, thereby triggers macropinocytosis, followed by the macropinolysosomal process in the cell. These internalized NPs induced the concentration-dependent cytotoxic, cytostatic and cytoprotective activity in keratinocytes. Both single dose and chronic long-term exposure of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of NPs resulted in oxidative stress-mediated down-regulation of cell growth and proliferation inhibition. Autophagic structures and premature aging were also observed using an electron microscopy and a senescence marker, respectively in the NPs internalized HaCaT cells incubated in a fresh, NPs-free medium. Conclusion Though 2D culture models have many limitations, it produces significant conceptual advancements. This work provides an insight into the NPs concentration-dependent regulatory, cytoprotective, and cytotoxic effects in HaCaT cells. However, 3D model studies are required to identify the detailed mechanisms of NPs toxicity and cytoprotective events in cells at the molecular level. Graphic abstract

Deeply in Plasticenta: Presence of Microplastics in the Intracellular Compartment of Human Placentas

“…In this study, we consider the role that particles compatible with MPs may play in placental stress in terms of endoplasmic reticulum dilation/stressed mitochondria/oxidative stress. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that MPs cause oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy, and genotoxicity in various tissues (gut, intestine, liver) and cell types (human keratinocytes, human intestinal epithelial cells, gastric epithelial cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells) [ 35 , 63 , 70 , 71 , 72 ]. Abnormal colocalization of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum has been also found in porcine oocytes exposed to Monobutyl phthalate (phthalates are a group of chemicals associated with PVC products as plasticizers in medical tubing, soft plastic toys, food packaging and in many personal care products) [ 73 ].…”

Cellular journey of nanomaterials: Theories, trafficking, and kinetics

“…Balfourier et al [88] suggested that ROS production in the lysosome activated the degradation of Au NPs. The lysosomal degradation of other NMs including plastic NPs, [89] carbon nanotubes, [90] and Ag NWs [91] were also reported, but the digestion ability of lysosome appeared to be limited as few studies reported the complete degradation of NMs in the lysosome.…”

Microplastics and Nano-Plastics: From Initiation to Termination

“…While it is unknown if these compounds leak straight into living tissues, some additives like Bisphenol A have been discovered to be consumed by marine biota (Chen et al, 2020;Koelmans et al, 2014), Absorption of this leachate frequently used in lining food and beverage cans, can induce endocrine problems and adversely affect human health (Ryan, 2015). In particular, associated health risks may include, cytotoxicity (Gopinath et al, 2021), neurotoxicity (Han et al, 2021;Varsou et al, 2021), immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity (He et al, 2021), or even carcinogenicity (Gao et al, 2021). Yip et al (2022) have tested and predicted the possibility of MNPs transfer from mother to offspring.…”