Prostaglandins and Inflammation

Abstract

Abstract-Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. They are generated from arachidonate by the action of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, and their biosynthesis is blocked by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including those selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Despite the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, prostaglandins may function in both the promotion and resolution of inflammation. This review summarizes insights into the mechanisms of prostaglandin generation and the roles of individual mediators and their receptors in modulating the inflammatory response. Prostaglandin biology has potential clinical relevance for atherosclerosis, the response to vascular injury and aortic aneurysm. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:986-1000.)

Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits

“…COX-2, also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, is recognized to be the essential enzyme that is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid (ARA) to PGH2 (ARA → PGG2 → PGH2). The biosynthetic pathway of PGs has been reported by Ricciotti and FitzGerald [149] in their review article.…”

“…PGE2 and PGI2 are typically expressed in the vascular smooth muscle cells, platelets, as well as brain and kidney cells. PGI2 is the key prostanoid that regulates cardiovascular homeostasis [149]. Oxidative stress increases expression of PGI2 in the vascular cells.…”

Comparison of Diets of Urban American Indian and Non-Hispanic Whites: Populations with a Disparity for Biliary Tract Cancer Rates

“…Prostaglandins are formed when arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipases and metabolized by PGG/H synthase or cyclooxygenase and their respective synthases (Ricciotti and FitzGerald, 2011). Our finding of a higher intake of the pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid in the AI women raises questions about what effect higher levels of this substrate for COX-2 might have on the production of PGE 2 and other prostanoids that have been implicated in various aspects of the biology of cancer.…”

Treatments and Preventative Measures for Trauma‐Induced Heterotopic Ossification: A Review

“…Although small animal models cannot directly mimic the formation of clinically relevant HO, each type of animal study provides the opportunity to better understand the pathophysiology and pathogenesis under unique circumstances. A comprehensive evaluation of the mechanistic pathways of bone growth, healing, and complications that may contribute to HO is beyond the scope of this review but some of the discussions are provided for further investigation 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37. With improved understanding, better physical and pharmacological therapeutic protocols can be developed for use in human patients.…”