Prostate cancer: updates on current strategies for screening, diagnosis and clinical implications of treatment modalities

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men by way of diagnosis and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Early detection and intervention remains key to its optimum clinical management. This review provides the most updated information on the recent methods of prostate cancer screening, imaging and treatment modalities. Wherever possible, clinical trial data has been supplemented to provide a comprehensive overview of current prostate cancer research and development. Considering the recent success of immunotherapy in prostate cancer, we discuss cell, DNA and viruses based, as well as combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategies in detail. Furthermore, the potential of nanotechnology is increasingly being realized, especially in prostate cancer research, and we provide an overview of nanotechnology-based strategies, with special emphasis on nanotheranostics and multifunctional nanoconstructs. Understanding these recent developments is critical to the design of future therapeutic strategies to counter prostate cancer.

Elevated Expression of Glycerol-3-phosphate Phosphatase as a Biomarker of Poor Prognosis and Aggressive Prostate Cancer

“…Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and lethal cancers in men (1,2). Although detection and treatments for PC have advanced in recent years, prostate-speci c antigen (PSA) remains the only widely used biomarker for PC.…”

Identification of key genes in prostate cancer gene expression profile by bioinformatics

“…Prostate cancer is a main worldwide health concern question for men, combined by an ageing population and increasing frequency of diagnosis (Sartor & de Bono, ). The incidence of prostate tumours has been growing globally and dissimilar between different countries (Tian, Guo, Zheng, & Ahmad, ). Over the years, the detection of prostate‐specific antigen has been applied as one of the diagnostic biomarkers for monitoring prostate cancer.…”

“…However, it still remains a large challenge for disputes about the screening of prostate cancer and local treatment approaches. Additionally, numerous therapeutic methods displayed better results in vitro and in vivo experimental models of prostate cancer, only to be unsuccessful in clinical phase study (Tian et al, ). Several agents are estimated and used to prevent prostate cancer, including abiraterone acetate, docetaxel and cabazitaxel (Cindolo et al, ; Oudard et al, ).…”

Association study between common variations in some candidate genes and prostate adenocarcinoma predisposition through multi-stage approach in Iranian population

“…Therefore, this diagnostic test lonely has a low screening value [16][17][18]. Needle biopsies are also carried out in advanced stages of the cancer for microscopic examination [19]. Screening tests can identify people who may have a chance of developing the disease before detection and any symptoms [20][21][22][23].…”