Protective action of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in immune tolerance of allogeneic heart transplantation by regulating CD45RB⁺ dendritic cells

Abstract

BMSCs increased the expression of CD45RB in the bone marrow-derived DCs, thereby strengthening immunosuppression capacity of T cells and immune tolerance of allogeneic heart transplantation.

Gut microbes enlarged the protective effect of transplanted regulatory B cells on rejection of cardiac allografts

“…Due to the important role of Bregs and their potentially protective function, we conducted the adoptive transfer of Bregs in HT mice and successfully prolonged their survival when compared to the control without any treatment. In general, transplantation rejection is induced through the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into the type 1 subset (Th1), resulting in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-2 [17][18][19] . IFN-γ and IL-2 cytokines are also considered barriers to tolerance induction in human allograft transplantation 20 .…”

Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of cardiac allograft rejection

“…As a result, the survival time of cardiac allografts has been prolonged. 44 In summary, the anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs on DCs play a significant role in MSC-mediated immune tolerance induction.…”

“…79,80 Most in vivo studies using heart transplantation models attribute the cardioprotection of MSCs to the Tregs production and Th1/Th2 skewing. 41,44,[81][82][83][84][85] However, whether Tregs production via MSCs in vivo is yet to be explored by most authors. 86 Several outstanding questions including the influence of administration time, administration dose, and administration route of MSC on CD4 þ T cell differentiation and fate in a heart transplantation model should be considered.…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Renal Fibrosis: The Flame of Cytotherapy

“…It is widely agreed that transplanted MSCs can directly reconstruct impaired organs [28]. MSCs are also capable of producing cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines; moreover, they exert a comprehensive range of functions by expressing extracellular matrix receptors on their cell surface, including antiapoptosis [29], angiogenesis [30], anti-inflammation [31], immune regulation [32], antiscarring [33], and chemically induced homing to damaged tissue, thus supporting the growth and differentiation of diseased cells, which makes them attractive for clinical applications. Fibrosis, as one of the most common and refractory pathological processes, has always drawn substantial attention, and many efforts and trials of MSC cellular therapy have been carried out on antifibrotic diseases [34].…”