Protective effect of thymol on high fat diet induced diabetic nephropathy in C57BL/6J mice

Saravanan, S.; Pari, Leelavinothan

doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2015.11.033

Cited by 67 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Another study reported by the same group, has revealed that thymol abrogated diabetic nephropathy in HFD-induced diabetes in C57BL/6J mice (Saravanan and Pari, 2016). Thymol (40 mg/kg) treatment for a period of 5 weeks reduced blood glucose level and improves the parameters of renal function.…”

Section: Thymol In Metabolic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 93%

Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development

et al. 2017

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Thymol, chemically known as 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol is a colorless crystalline monoterpene phenol. It is one of the most important dietary constituents in thyme species. For centuries, it has been used in traditional medicine and has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and antitumor activities. The present article presents a detailed review of the scientific literature which reveals the pharmacological properties of thymol and its multiple therapeutic actions against various cardiovascular, neurological, rheumatological, gastrointestinal, metabolic and malignant diseases at both biochemical and molecular levels. The noteworthy effects of thymol are largely attributed to its anti-inflammatory (via inhibiting recruitment of cytokines and chemokines), antioxidant (via scavenging of free radicals, enhancing the endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and chelation of metal ions), antihyperlipidemic (via increasing the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreasing the levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the circulation and membrane stabilization) (via maintaining ionic homeostasis) effects. This review presents an overview of the current in vitro and in vivo data supporting thymol’s therapeutic activity and the challenges concerning its use for prevention and its therapeutic value as a dietary supplement or as a pharmacological agent or as an adjuvant along with current therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. It is one of the potential candidates of natural origin that has shown promising therapeutic potential, pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms as well as pharmacokinetic properties for the pharmaceutical development of thymol.

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Section: Thymol In Metabolic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 93%

Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development

et al. 2017

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“…It has wide-ranging pharmacological actions, such as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects [18–20]. Although some studies on the antioxidant effects of thymol have been reported [21, 22], no research has shown the effect of thymol on LPS-induced endometritis in mice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymol mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced endometritis by regulating the TLR4- and ROS-mediated NF-κB signaling pathways

Jiang

Yin

et al. 2017

Oncotarget

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thymol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and to clarify the potential mechanism of these effects. LPS-induced mouse endometritis was used to confirm the anti-inflammatory action of thymol in vivo. RAW264.7 cells were used to examine the molecular mechanism and targets of thymol in vitro. In vivo, thymol markedly alleviated LPS-induced pathological injury, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in mice. Further studies were performed to examine the expression of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) -mediated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. These results showed that the expression of the TLR4-mediated NF-κB pathway was inhibited by thymol treatment. In vitro, we observed that thymol dose-dependently inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the results obtained from immunofluorescence assays also indicated that thymol dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Silencing of TLR4 inhibited NF-κB pathway activation. Furthermore, H2O2 treatment increased the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα, which were decreased when treated with N-acetyl cysteine or thymol. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effects of thymol are associated with activation of the TLR4 or ROS signaling pathways, contributing to NF-κB activation, thereby alleviating LPS-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses.

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“…Thymol is an active monoterpene isolated from many medicinal herbs, such as Thymus vulgaris, Monarda punctate and Origanum vulgare spp [4]. It has been widely used for treatment inflammatory diseases, such as osteoarthritis [5] and asthma [6].…”

Section: ------------------------------------------------------------mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymol inhibits cell migration and invasion by downregulating the activation of PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human colon cancer cells

Lv¹,

Chen²

2018

Trop. J. Pharm Res

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Purpose: To assess the anti-metastasis effects of thymol on human colorectal cancer cells. Methods: Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell HT29 was incubated with varying concentrations of thymol. Cell viability, migration and invasion were determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-dipheny-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) and Transwell assays, respectively. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were analyzed by gel zymogram assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated gene expression and signaling pathway were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Results: Thymol was significantly inhibited migration and invasion of HT29 cell (p < 0.01) and also markedly reduced the activity of matrix degrading enzymes MMP-2 and MMP-9 (p < 0.01). Moreover, the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, was elevated, while mesenchymal markers (vimentin and α-SMA), and associated transcription factors (snail and slug) decreased after thymol treatment (p < 0.01). In addition, thymol inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Thymol efficiently attenuates cell migration and invasion by decreasing EMT and downregulating the activation of PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. It is, thus, a potential candidate drug for the management of colorectal cancer.Keywords : Thymol, Colorectal cancer, Vimentin, PI3K/AKT and ERK pathway

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Protective effect of thymol on high fat diet induced diabetic nephropathy in C57BL/6J mice

Cited by 67 publications

References 54 publications

Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development

Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development

Thymol mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced endometritis by regulating the TLR4- and ROS-mediated NF-κB signaling pathways

Thymol inhibits cell migration and invasion by downregulating the activation of PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human colon cancer cells

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